373 lines
15 KiB
Plaintext
373 lines
15 KiB
Plaintext
$NetBSD: install,v 1.3 1998/01/09 18:45:34 perry Exp $
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0. Introduction
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This is the first release of NetBSD/alpha with regular packaging
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and install tools, and the installation program is still rather
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primitive. It also hasn't been tested very well, so there may
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be bugs in both it and this document. However, if you have
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problems, don't despair; most problems you might encounter are
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very easy to fix. We strongly suggest you join the port-alpha
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list (see the section on mailing lists on www.netbsd.org) and
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ask questions there if you run into any problems. Also report
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problem you've gotten around there or by using send-pr so that
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they can be fixed for the next release.
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1. General
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The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take
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while getting NetBSD installed on your hard disk. It's divided
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into three basic components: booting NetBSD (section 2 below),
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preparing the disk (section 3 below), and loading the operating
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system files onto the disk (section 4 below).
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2. Booting NetBSD
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You have two choices of how to boot your machine. If you have a
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floppy drive, you may boot from that. This is probably the simplest
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way of getting started. If you don't have a floppy drive, you will
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need to set yourself up for a boot from a file server on the
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network, which is a little more complex.
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2.1 Making and Booting a Floppy
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The 3.5", 1.44 MB boot floppy image is found under the
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NetBSD/alpha _VER distribution directory in the file
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alpha/installation/floppy/floppy-144. You need to take this disk
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image and put it on a floppy disk.
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If you have a Unix system handy, you can do this with a command
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like the following:
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dd if=floppy-144 of=/dev/rfd0a
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If the Unix system you are using is not a NetBSD system, you will
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probably need to replace `/dev/rfd0a' with the name of the floppy
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device on your particular system.
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If you have an MS-DOS or Windows system available, you can use
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the `rawrite.exe' utility to transfer the image to a floppy
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disk. (Note that rawrite.exe doesn't work under many, if not
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all, Windows NT systems.) This utility is provided with the
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NetBSD/i386 install tools, under i386/installation/misc; a
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documentation file, `rawrite.doc' is available there as well.
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Once the floppy has been made, you simply need to put it in the
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drive and type
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boot dva0
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Now you may skip to section 3.
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2.2 Booting over the Network
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Booting NetBSD/alpha _VER over a network requires a BOOTP server,
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a TFTP server and an NFS server. (These are usually all run on
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the same machine.) There are three basic stages to the boot:
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1.The Alpha console software sends a BOOTP request to get its own
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address, the address of the TFTP server and the file to
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download. It downloads this file, which is the second stage
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bootstrap, via TFTP and then executes it.
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2.The second stage bootstrap uses further information in the BOOTP
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packet that the console received to find the NFS server and path
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and retreive the kernel (the file /netbsd). After loading the
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kernel into memory, it executes it.
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3.The kernel probes and configures the devices, and then sends
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out another BOOTP request so it can find out its address, the NFS
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server, and path. (The kernel probably should get this information
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from the console, but it currently doesn't.) It then mounts its
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root via NFS and continues.
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2.2.1 Setting Up the Server
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You will need to set up your server to serve BOOTP, TFTP and NFS.
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The NFS setup is quite simple. If you want to run a full system
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from the network, untar the NetBSD snapshot or distribution
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into a directory on your server and NFS export that directory
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to the client. (Make sure you put a kernel there as well, and
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create the device nodes in /dev with `sh ./MAKEDEV all'. In
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fact, see the full instructions available off the alpha port
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page at www.netbsd.org.)
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You'll want to map root to `root' (rather than the default
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`nobody') when you export your root filesystem. A typical
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/etc/exports line on a NetBSD system would be:
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/usr/export/alpha -maproot=0 myclient.mydom.com
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If you just want to get the install kernel loaded so that you
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can download sets to the local hard drive of that machine, you
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need nothing other than the install kernel in the NFS root
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directory on your server.
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For the TFTP setup, you need to copy the second stage bootstrap,
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netboot, into an appropriately named file (I use boot.netbsd.alpha)
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in the directory used by your TFTP server. If you extracted a full
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snapshot, you can get the netboot program from /usr/mdec/netboot;
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if not, you can get this from the installation/netboot directory
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where you found the alpha distribution.
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For the BOOTP server you need to specify the:
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hardware type (Ethernet)
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hardware address (Ethernet MAC address)
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IP address of the client
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subnet mask of the client
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address of of the TFTP/NFS server
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name of the second stage bootstrap loaded via TFTP
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path to the root for the client (mounted via NFS)
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Here's an example for a Unix system running bootpd:
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myhost.mydom.com:\
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:ht=ethernet:ha=0000c0391ae4:\
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:ip=192.168.1.2:sm=255.255.255.0:\
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:sa=192.168.1.1:bf=boot.netbsd.alpha:rp=/usr/export/alpha:
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And here's an example for a Unix system running dhcpd:
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host axp {
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hardware ethernet 0:0:c0:39:1a:e4;
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fixed-address 192.168.1.2;
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option host-name "myhost.mydom.com";
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filename "boot.netbsd.alpha";
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option root-path "/usr/export/alpha";
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option domain-name-servers 192.168.1.1;
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option broadcast-address 255.255.255.0;
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option domain-name "my.domain";
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}
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2.2.2 The Alpha Console
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The only Ethernet device the console on most Alpha systems
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knows how to boot from is the onboard Ethernet interface or a
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DEC Tulip (21040, 21041, 21140) based PCI Ethernet card. Some
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older SMC 100 Mbps card that use this chip have been known to
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work as well. Many older systems will not be able to use the
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newer 2.0 stepping of the 21140, however. If your system appears
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not to be receiving packets, this may be the problem. (You may
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or may not be able to update your firmware to fix this; see
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the alpha port pages on www.netbsd.org for more information on
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this.)
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Once you're set up, you should be able to boot with:
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boot -proto bootp ewa0
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(The command may be different on some very old machines.)
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3. Preparing the Disk
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If you're going to be running a diskless machine, the steps so
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far have prepared you to run, and you can skip to section 5
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("Configuration") below.
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If you are going to run NetBSD from a local hard drive, however,
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this hard drive needs to be prepared. This preparation consists
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of putting a label on the disk, which includes information on
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the sizes and placement of the partition into which the disk
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is divided, putting the boot blocks on the disk, and initialising
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the filesystems on the partitions. This work is done by the
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`install' script from the boot floppy (or boot kernel, if you
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booted it via NFS with the INSTALL kernel).
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3.1 Running Install
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When you first boot the INSTALL kernel you will be given the
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options of `install' or `shell'. Choose `install' and the
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install script will start.
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If, at any time, you have made a mistake in the install script
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and want to abort, press ^C. This will take you to a shell
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prompt. You can then restart the install script by typing
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`/install', or halt the machine by typing `halt'.
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3.1 Answering the Install Questions
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These will for the most part be fairly obvious. You may install
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on either a SCSI or an IDE disk, and you will be prompted for
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the disk to install on. The disks in your system will be numbered
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starting at xd0 (where x is an `s' for SCSI disks, `w' for IDE
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disks) based on the SCSI ID or IDE drive order; if you have
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more than one disk, watch the boot messages carefully to see
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which ones are probed as which numbers.
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Once you've selected a disk to install on, you'll be prompted
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for the geometry. This is also displayed in the boot messages,
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and you'll be given a chance to review the boot messages again
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to get the exact figures for the number of cylinders, heads
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and sectors.
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After this you must specify the size of your partitions.
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Generally you'll be giving the sizes in cylinders; the install
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program will tell you how many bytes there are in each cylinder.
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The swap partition is the second thing you specify, after the
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root partition. Regardless of the size of your disk, you'll
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want to specify a swap partition that's at least as large as
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the amount of RAM you have, and probably not less than 64 MB
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in any case.
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If you have a small disk (under 500 MB), it's probably best to
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devote all of the disk (excepting 64 MB or more for the swap)
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to the root partition.
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If you have more space, we recommend devoting at least 32 MB,
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and preferably 48 MB, to the root partition. /usr will need
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150 MB or so if you're not installing X, 200 MB or so if you
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are.
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Once you've specified this information, the install script will
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write the disklabel, install boot blocks to make the disk
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bootable, initialise the filesystems, and mount them all under
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/mnt. You're now ready to go on to the next step.
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4. Installing NetBSD
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To install NetBSD you'll have to get access to the tar files
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that contain the operating system, and extract them to your
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disk. You can get access to the tar files through either a
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network or from a CD-ROM.
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4.1 Preparing to Install from a CD-ROM
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All you need to do is mount the CD-ROM, which will generally
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be device cd0. (The initial boot messages will tell you what
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the CD-ROM drive as probed as.) This would be done with:
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mount -r -t cd9660 /dev/cd0a /mnt2
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4.2 Preparing to Install from the Network
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The first thing you need to do is configure the loopback network
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interface, which is done with the command
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ifconfig lo0 127.0.0.1
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Then you will have to configure your Ethernet card. The command
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ifconfig -l
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will give you a list of the network interfaces on your system.
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It will show you your ethernet cards first, followed by lo0
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(the loopback interface that we configured above), ppp0 (the
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PPP interface) and sl0 (the SLIP interface).
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To configure your ethernet card, type
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ifconfig <if> inet <addr> [netmask <netmask>] [media <media>]
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Where <if> is the network card (interface), <addr> is the IP
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address, the optional <netmask> parameter is the network mask,
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and the optional <media> parameter is one of:
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10base2 BNC connector, 10 Mbps
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AUI AUI connector, 10 Mbps
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10baseT Twisted pair connector, 10 Mbps
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100baseTX Twisted pair connector, 100 Mbps
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100baseFX Fibre-optic connector, 100 Mbps
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100baseT4 T4 twisted pair interface, 100 Mbps
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If the host you are getting the data files from is not on the
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local network, you will also have to configure a gateway into
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your system. Do this with
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route add default <gateway-IP-address>
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If you will need name services you can set up a /etc/resolv.conf
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file for those with a `nameserver <ip-address>' line in it, e.g.:
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echo "nameserver 198.41.0.4" >>/etc/resolv.conf
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Once networking has been configured, you may mount the directory
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with the install files via NFS, or download them via FTP.
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To mount them via nfs, type
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mount -t nfs <hostname:/path/to/nfs/volume> /mnt2
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If this volume has been exported read-only, you may need the
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`-r' option to mount.
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To download the install sets with ftp, create a directory in
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which to put them and then use the ftp client to download them.
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A typical session might be:
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mkdir /mnt/var/tmp
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cd /mnt/var/tmp
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ftp ftp.netbsd.org
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[all the following commmands are given to the ftp program
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after logging in]
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prompt
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cd /pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.3/alpha/binary/sets
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mget *
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cd /pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.3/alpha/binary/kernel
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get netbsd-GENERIC.gz
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cd /pub/NetBSD/NetBSD-1.3/alpha/binary/toolchain
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get netbsd-GENERIC.gz
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bye
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Feel free, of course, to leave off the sets that you don't need
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if you don't plan to install everything.
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You are now ready to proceed to step 4.3.
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4.3 Extracting the Operating System Files
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This is quite simple. Change to the root directory of your hard
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drive (which is /mnt if you've used the standard install script
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to this point) by typing
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cd /mnt
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Then extract the kernel with:
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zcat /mnt/var/tmp/netbsd-GENERIC.gz >/mnt/netbsd
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For this and the following commands, replace `/mnt/var/tmp/'
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with the path to your NFS volume or CD-ROM if that's how you
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chose to access your install files instead.
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The sets are extracted with
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for file in base comp etc games man misc text; do
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tar --unlink -t -z -f /mnt/var/tmp/$file;
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done
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and the toolchain with
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tar --unlink -t -z -f /mnt/var/tmp/toolchain.tar.gz
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You will now be ready to reboot from your hard disk. Type `sync'
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twice to make sure all the data is written out to disk and then
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type `halt' to halt your system and go back to the monitor. At
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this point you should be able to reboot your system with
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boot dka0
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(or `boot dka100' if your disk drive is on ID 1, etc.--you can
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usually use `show device' to see a full list of bootable devices
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in your system). Your system will come up in single-user mode,
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ready for you to configure it.
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5. Configuring NetBSD
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Configuring your NetBSD system requires editing the /etc/rc.conf
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file. Most of this file is fairly self-explanatory, but you
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can `man rc.conf' for further explanations. Remember to set
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`rc_configured' to YES so you will boot multi-user, set `hostname'
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and possibly `defaultroute', and add an ifconfig_int for your
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interface <int>, along the lines of
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ifconfig_de0="inet myname.my.dom 123.45.67.89 netmask 255.255.255.0"
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You will also want either to run named or add an /etc/resolv.conf
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file (`man resolv.conf' for information on this), use `vipw' to add
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accounts to your system, edit /etc/aliases to forward root mail to
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the right place (run `newaliases' afterwards) and edit /etc/rc.local
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to run any local daemons you use.
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