331 lines
10 KiB
Groff
331 lines
10 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1989, 1990 The Regents of the University of California.
|
|
.\" All rights reserved.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
|
|
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
|
|
.\" are met:
|
|
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
|
|
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
|
|
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
|
|
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
|
|
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
|
|
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
|
|
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
|
|
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
|
|
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
|
|
.\" without specific prior written permission.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
|
|
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
|
|
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
|
|
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
|
|
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
|
|
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
|
|
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
|
|
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
|
|
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
|
|
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
|
|
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" @(#)hexdump.1 5.12 (Berkeley) 7/27/91
|
|
.\"
|
|
.Dd July 27, 1991
|
|
.Dt HEXDUMP 1
|
|
.Os
|
|
.Sh NAME
|
|
.Nm hexdump
|
|
.Nd ascii, decimal, hexadecimal, octal dump
|
|
.Sh SYNOPSIS
|
|
.Nm hexdump
|
|
.Op Fl bcdovx
|
|
.Op Fl e Ar format_string
|
|
.Op Fl f Ar format_file
|
|
.Op Fl n Ar length
|
|
.Bk -words
|
|
.Op Fl s Ar skip
|
|
.Ek
|
|
.Ar file ...
|
|
.Sh DESCRIPTION
|
|
The hexdump utility is a filter which displays the specified files, or
|
|
the standard input, if no files are specified, in a user specified
|
|
format.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The options are as follows:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl
|
|
.It Fl b
|
|
.Em One-byte octal display .
|
|
Display the input offset in hexadecimal, followed by sixteen
|
|
space-separated, three column, zero-filled, bytes of input data,
|
|
in octal, per line.
|
|
.It Fl c
|
|
.Em One-byte character display .
|
|
Display the input offset in hexadecimal, followed by sixteen
|
|
space-separated, three column, space-filled, characters of input
|
|
data per line.
|
|
.It Fl d
|
|
.Em Two-byte decimal display.
|
|
Display the input offset in hexadecimal, followed by eight
|
|
space-separated, five column, zero-filled, two-byte units
|
|
of input data, in unsigned decimal, per line.
|
|
.It Fl e Ar format_string
|
|
Specify a format string to be used for displaying data.
|
|
.It Fl f Ar format_file
|
|
Specify a file that contains one or more newline separated format strings.
|
|
Empty lines and lines whose first non-blank character is a hash mark
|
|
.Pf ( Cm \&# )
|
|
are ignored.
|
|
.It Fl n Ar length
|
|
Interpret only
|
|
.Ar length
|
|
bytes of input.
|
|
.It Fl o
|
|
.Em Two-byte octal display.
|
|
Display the input offset in hexadecimal, followed by eight
|
|
space-separated, six column, zero-filled, two byte quantities of
|
|
input data, in octal, per line.
|
|
.It Fl s Ar offset
|
|
Skip
|
|
.Ar offset
|
|
bytes from the beginning of the input.
|
|
By default,
|
|
.Ar offset
|
|
is interpreted as a decimal number.
|
|
With a leading
|
|
.Cm 0x
|
|
or
|
|
.Cm 0X ,
|
|
.Ar offset
|
|
is interpreted as a hexadecimal number,
|
|
otherwise, with a leading
|
|
.Cm 0 ,
|
|
.Ar offset
|
|
is interpreted as an octal number.
|
|
Appending the character
|
|
.Cm b ,
|
|
.Cm k ,
|
|
or
|
|
.Cm m
|
|
to
|
|
.Ar offset
|
|
causes it to be interpreted as a multiple of
|
|
.Li 512 ,
|
|
.Li 1024 ,
|
|
or
|
|
.Li 1048576 ,
|
|
respectively.
|
|
.It Fl v
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl v
|
|
option causes hexdump to display all input data.
|
|
Without the
|
|
.Fl v
|
|
option, any number of groups of output lines, which would be
|
|
identical to the immediately preceding group of output lines (except
|
|
for the input offsets), are replaced with a line comprised of a
|
|
single asterisk.
|
|
.It Fl x
|
|
.Em Two-byte hexadecimal display.
|
|
Display the input offset in hexadecimal, followed by eight, space
|
|
separated, four column, zero-filled, two-byte quantities of input
|
|
data, in hexadecimal, per line.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
For each input file,
|
|
.Nm hexdump
|
|
sequentially copies the input to standard output, transforming the
|
|
data according to the format strings specified by the
|
|
.Fl e
|
|
and
|
|
.Fl f
|
|
options, in the order that they were specified.
|
|
.Ss Formats
|
|
A format string contains any number of format units, separated by
|
|
whitespace.
|
|
A format unit contains up to three items: an iteration count, a byte
|
|
count, and a format.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The iteration count is an optional positive integer, which defaults to
|
|
one.
|
|
Each format is applied iteration count times.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The byte count is an optional positive integer.
|
|
If specified it defines the number of bytes to be interpreted by
|
|
each iteration of the format.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If an iteration count and/or a byte count is specified, a single slash
|
|
must be placed after the iteration count and/or before the byte count
|
|
to disambiguate them.
|
|
Any whitespace before or after the slash is ignored.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The format is required and must be surrounded by double quote
|
|
(" ") marks.
|
|
It is interpreted as a fprintf-style format string (see
|
|
.Xr fprintf 3 ) ,
|
|
with the
|
|
following exceptions:
|
|
.Bl -bullet -offset indent
|
|
.It
|
|
An asterisk (*) may not be used as a field width or precision.
|
|
.It
|
|
A byte count or field precision
|
|
.Em is
|
|
required for each ``s'' conversion
|
|
character (unlike the
|
|
.Xr fprintf 3
|
|
default which prints the entire string if the precision is unspecified).
|
|
.It
|
|
The conversion characters ``h'', ``n'', and ``p'' are not
|
|
supported.
|
|
.It
|
|
The single character escape sequences
|
|
described in the C standard are supported:
|
|
.Bd -ragged -offset indent -compact
|
|
.Bl -column <alert_character>
|
|
.It NUL \e0
|
|
.It <alert character> \ea
|
|
.It <backspace> \eb
|
|
.It <form-feed> \ef
|
|
.It <newline> \en
|
|
.It <carriage return> \er
|
|
.It <tab> \et
|
|
.It <vertical tab> \ev
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Hexdump also supports the the following additional conversion strings:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl
|
|
.It Cm \&_a Ns Op Cm dox
|
|
Display the input offset, cumulative across input files, of the
|
|
next byte to be displayed.
|
|
The appended characters
|
|
.Cm d ,
|
|
.Cm o ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Cm x
|
|
specify the display base
|
|
as decimal, octal or hexadecimal respectively.
|
|
.It Cm \&_A Ns Op Cm dox
|
|
Identical to the
|
|
.Cm \&_a
|
|
conversion string except that it is only performed
|
|
once, when all of the input data has been processed.
|
|
.It Cm \&_c
|
|
Output characters in the default character set.
|
|
Nonprinting characters are displayed in three character, zero-padded
|
|
octal, except for those representable by standard escape notation
|
|
(see above),
|
|
which are displayed as two character strings.
|
|
.It Cm _p
|
|
Output characters in the default character set.
|
|
Nonprinting characters are displayed as a single
|
|
.Dq Cm \&. .
|
|
.It Cm _u
|
|
Output US ASCII characters, with the exception that control characters are
|
|
displayed using the following, lower-case, names.
|
|
Characters greater than 0xff, hexadecimal, are displayed as hexadecimal
|
|
strings.
|
|
.Bl -column \&000_nu \&001_so \&002_st \&003_et \&004_eo
|
|
.It \&000\ nul\t001\ soh\t002\ stx\t003\ etx\t004\ eot\t005\ enq
|
|
.It \&006\ ack\t007\ bel\t008\ bs\t009\ ht\t00A\ lf\t00B\ vt
|
|
.It \&00C\ ff\t00D\ cr\t00E\ so\t00F\ si\t010\ dle\t011\ dc1
|
|
.It \&012\ dc2\t013\ dc3\t014\ dc4\t015\ nak\t016\ syn\t017\ etb
|
|
.It \&018\ can\t019\ em\t01A\ sub\t01B\ esc\t01C\ fs\t01D\ gs
|
|
.It \&01E\ rs\t01F\ us\t0FF\ del
|
|
.El
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The default and supported byte counts for the conversion characters
|
|
are as follows:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width "Xc,_Xc,_Xc,_Xc,_Xc,_Xc" -offset indent
|
|
.It Li \&%_c , \&%_p , \&%_u , \&%c
|
|
One byte counts only.
|
|
.It Xo
|
|
.Li \&%d , \&%i , \&%o ,
|
|
.Li \&%u , \&%X , \&%x
|
|
.Xc
|
|
Four byte default, one and two byte counts supported.
|
|
.It Xo
|
|
.Li \&%E , \&%e , \&%f ,
|
|
.Li \&%G , \&%g
|
|
.Xc
|
|
Eight byte default, four byte counts supported.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The amount of data interpreted by each format string is the sum of the
|
|
data required by each format unit, which is the iteration count times the
|
|
byte count, or the iteration count times the number of bytes required by
|
|
the format if the byte count is not specified.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The input is manipulated in ``blocks'', where a block is defined as the
|
|
largest amount of data specified by any format string.
|
|
Format strings interpreting less than an input block's worth of data,
|
|
whose last format unit both interprets some number of bytes and does
|
|
not have a specified iteration count, have the the interation count
|
|
incremented until the entire input block has been processed or there
|
|
is not enough data remaining in the block to satisfy the format string.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If, either as a result of user specification or hexdump modifying
|
|
the iteration count as described above, an iteration count is
|
|
greater than one, no trailing whitespace characters are output
|
|
during the last iteration.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
It is an error to specify a byte count as well as multiple conversion
|
|
characters or strings unless all but one of the conversion characters
|
|
or strings is
|
|
.Cm \&_a
|
|
or
|
|
.Cm \&_A .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If, as a result of the specification of the
|
|
.Fl n
|
|
option or end-of-file being reached, input data only partially
|
|
satisfies a format string, the input block is zero-padded sufficiently
|
|
to display all available data (i.e. any format units overlapping the
|
|
end of data will display some number of the zero bytes).
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Further output by such format strings is replaced by an equivalent
|
|
number of spaces.
|
|
An equivalent number of spaces is defined as the number of spaces
|
|
output by an
|
|
.Cm s
|
|
conversion character with the same field width
|
|
and precision as the original conversion character or conversion
|
|
string but with any
|
|
.Dq Li \&+ ,
|
|
.Dq \&\ \& ,
|
|
.Dq Li \&#
|
|
conversion flag characters
|
|
removed, and referencing a NULL string.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If no format strings are specified, the default display is equivalent
|
|
to specifying the
|
|
.Fl x
|
|
option.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Nm hexdump
|
|
exits 0 on success and >0 if an error occurred.
|
|
.Sh EXAMPLES
|
|
Display the input in perusal format:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
"%06.6_ao " 12/1 "%3_u "
|
|
"\et\et" "%_p "
|
|
"\en"
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Implement the \-x option:
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
"%07.7_Ax\en"
|
|
"%07.7_ax " 8/2 "%04x " "\en"
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr adb 1
|
|
.Sh STANDARDS
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm hexdump
|
|
utility is expected to be
|
|
.St -p1003.2
|
|
compatible.
|