418 lines
12 KiB
Groff
418 lines
12 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1993 Free Software Foundation -*- nroff -*-
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.\" See section COPYING for conditions for redistribution
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.\"
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.\" Written by John F. Woods <jfw@jfwhome.funhouse.com>
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.\"
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.\" $NetBSD: tar.1,v 1.10 1999/03/22 18:51:53 garbled Exp $
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.\"
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.Dd 6 August 1994
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.Os
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.Dt TAR 1
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm tar
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.Nd tape archiver; manipulate "tar" archive files
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Cm Bq -
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.Op Cm bundled-options
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.Op Ar [gnu-style-flags]
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.Op Ar tarfile
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.Op Ar blocksize
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.Op Ar exclude-file
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.Op Ar filenames
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.Op Fl C Ar directory-name
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm
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is short for
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.Dq tape archiver,
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so named for historical reasons; the
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.Nm
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program creates, adds files to, or extracts files from an archive file
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in
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.Dq tar
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format, called a
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.Ar tarfile .
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A tarfile is often a magnetic tape, but can be a floppy diskette or any
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regular disk file.
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.Pp
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The first argument word of the
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.Nm
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command line is usually a command word of bundled function and modifier
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letters, optionally preceeded by a dash;
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it must contain exactly one function letter from the set
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.Cm A ,
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.Cm c ,
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.Cm d ,
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.Cm r ,
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.Cm t ,
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.Cm u ,
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.Cm x ,
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for append, create, difference, replace, table of contents, update, and
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extract (further described below). The command word can also contain other
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function modifiers described below, some of which will take arguments from
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the command line in the order they are specified in the command word (review
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the EXAMPLES section). Functions and function modifiers can also be specified
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with the GNU argument convention (preceeded by two dashes, one function or
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modifier per word. Command-line arguments that specify files to
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add to, extract from, or list from an archive may be given as shell
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pattern matching strings.
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.Sh FUNCTIONS
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Exactly one of the following functions must be specified.
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "--concatenate" -compact
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.It Fl A
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.It Fl -catenate
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.It Fl "-concatenate"
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Append the contents of named file, which must itself be a tar archive,
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to the end of the archive (erasing the old end-of-archive block).
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This has the effect of adding the files contained in the named file to
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the first archive, rather than adding the second archive as an element
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of the first.
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.Em Note:
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This option requires a rewritable tarfile,
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and therefore does not work on quarter-inch cartridge tapes.
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.It Fl c
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.It Fl -create
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Create a new archive (or truncates an old one) and writes the named files
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to it.
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.It Fl d
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.It Fl -diff
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.It Fl -compare
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Find differences between files in the archive and corresponding files in
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the file system.
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.It Fl -delete
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Delete named files from the archive (Does not work on quarter-inch tapes).
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.It Fl r
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.It Fl -append
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Append files to the end of an archive (Does not work on quarter-inch tapes).
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.It Fl t
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.It Fl -list
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List the contents of an archive; if filename arguments are given, only those
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files are listed, otherwise the entire table of contents is listed.
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.It Fl u
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.It Fl -update
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Append the named files if the on-disk version has a modification date
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more recent than their copy in the archive (if any). Does not work on
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quarter-inch tapes.
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.It Fl x
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.It Fl -extract
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.It Fl -get
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Extract files from an archive. The owner, modification time, and file
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permissions are restored, if possible. If no
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.Ar file
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arguments are given, extract all the files in the archive. If a
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.Ar filename
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argument matches the name of a directory on the tape, that directory and
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its contents are extracted (as well as all directories under that directory).
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If the archive contains multiple entries corresponding to the same file
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(see the
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.Fl -append
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command above), the last one extracted will overwrite all earlier versions.
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.El
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.Sh OPTIONS
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The other options to
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.Nm
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may be combined arbitrarily; single-letter options may be bundled in with
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the command word. Verbose options which take arguments will be
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followed by the argument; single-letter options will consume
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successive command line arguments (see the
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.Sx EXAMPLES
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below).
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "--preserve-permissions" -compact
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.It Fl -help
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Prints a message listing and briefly describing all the command
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options to tar.
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.It Fl -atime-preserve
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Restore the access times on files which are written to tape (note that
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this will change the inode-change time!).
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.It Fl b
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.It Fl -block-size Ar number
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Sets the block size for reading or writing to N 512-byte blocks.
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.It Fl B
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.It Fl -read-full-blocks
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Re-assemble short reads into full blocks (for reading 4.2BSD pipes).
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.It Fl C Ar directory
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.It Fl -directory Ar directory
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Change to
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.Ar directory
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for extraction.
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.It Fl -checkpoint
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Print directory names while reading the archive.
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.It Fl f Ar [hostname:]file
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.It Fl -file Ar [hostname:]file
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Read or write the specified
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.Ar file
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.Po default is Pa /dev/rst0 Pc .
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If a
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.Ar hostname
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is specified,
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.Nm
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will use
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.Xr rmt 8
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to read or write the specified
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.Ar file
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on a remote machine. If the given
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.Ar file
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is
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.Ql - ,
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then
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.Nm
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uses stdin or stdout.
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.It Fl F Ar file
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.It Fl -info-script Ar file
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.It Fl -new-volume-script Ar file
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Run a script at the end of each archive volume (implies
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.Fl M ) .
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.It Fl -fast-read
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Stop after all non-wildcard extraction targets have been found
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in the archive.
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.It Fl G
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.It Fl -incremental
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Create/list/extract old GNU-format incremental backup.
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.It Fl g Ar file
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.It Fl -listed-incremental Ar file
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Create/list/extract new GNU-format incremental backup.
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.It Fl h
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.It Fl -dereference
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Don't write symlinks as symlinks; write the data of the files they name.
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.It Fl i
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.It Fl -ignore-zeros
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Ignore blocks of zeroes in archive (usually means End-Of-File).
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.It Fl -ignore-failed-read
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Don't exit with non-zero status on unreadable files.
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.It Fl k
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.It Fl -keep-old-files
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Keep files which already exist on disk; don't overwrite them from the archive.
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.It Fl K Ar file
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.It Fl -starting-file Ar file
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Begin at
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.Ar file
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in the archive.
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.It Fl l
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.It Fl -one-file-system
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Stay in local filesystem when creating an archive (do not cross mount
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points).
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.It Fl L Ar number
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.It Fl -tape-length Ar number
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Change tapes after writing N*1024 bytes.
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.It Fl m
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.It Fl -modification-time
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Don't extract file modified time.
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.It Fl M
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.It Fl -multi-volume
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Create/list/extract multi-volume archive.
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.It Fl N Ar date
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.It Fl -after-date Ar date
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.It Fl -newer Ar date
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Only store files newer than
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.Ar date .
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.It Fl o
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.It Fl -old-archive
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.It Fl -portability
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Write a V7 format archive, rather than POSIX format.
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.It Fl O
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.It Fl -to-stdout
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Extract files to standard output.
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.It Fl p
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.It Fl -same-permissions
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.It Fl -preserve-permissions
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Extract all protection information.
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.It Fl -preserve
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Has the effect of
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.Fl p s.
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.It Fl P
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.It Fl -absolute-paths
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Don't strip leading `/'s from file names.
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.It Fl R
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.It Fl -record-number
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Show record number within archive with each message.
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.It Fl -remove-files
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Remove files after adding them to the archive.
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.It Fl s
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.It Fl -same-order
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.It Fl -preserve-order
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List of names to extract is sorted to match archive.
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.It Fl S
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.It Fl -sparse
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Handle "sparse" files efficiently.
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.It Fl T Ar file
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.It Fl -files-from Ar file
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Get names of files to extract or create from
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.Ar file ,
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one per line.
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.It Fl -null
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Modifies behavior of
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.Fl T
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to expect null-terminated names; disables
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.Fl C.
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.It Fl -totals
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Prints total bytes written with
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.Fl -create .
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.It Fl v
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.It Fl -verbose
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Lists files written to archive with
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.Fl -create
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or extracted with
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.Fl -extract ;
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lists file protection information along with file names with
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.Fl -list .
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.It Fl V Ar volume-name
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.It Fl -label Ar volume-name
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Create archive with the given
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.Ar volume-name .
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.It Fl -version
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Print tar program version number.
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.It Fl w
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.It Fl -interactive
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.It Fl -confirmation
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Ask for confirmation for every action.
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.It Fl W
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.It Fl -verify
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Attempt to verify the archive after writing it.
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.It Fl -exclude Ar pattern
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Exclude files matching the
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.Ar pattern
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(don't extract them, don't add them, don't list them).
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.It Fl X Ar file
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.It Fl -exclude-from Ar file
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Exclude files listed in
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.Ar file .
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.It Fl Z
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.It Fl -compress
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.It Fl -uncompress
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Filter the archive through
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.Xr compress 1 .
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.It Fl z
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.It Fl -gzip
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.It Fl -gunzip
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Filter the archive through
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.Xr gzip 1 .
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.It Fl -use-compress-program Ar program
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Filter the archive through
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.Ar program
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(which must accept
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.Fl d
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to mean ``decompress'').
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.It Fl -block-compress
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Block the output of compression program for tapes or floppies
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(otherwise writes will be of odd length, which device drivers may reject).
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.It Fl [0-7][lmh]
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Specify tape drive and density.
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.It Fl -norecurse
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Don't recurse into subdirectories when creating.
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.It Fl -unlink
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Unlink files before creating them.
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.El
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.Sh EXAMPLES
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To create an archive on tape drive
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.Pa /dev/rst0
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with a block size of 20
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blocks, containing files named "bert" and "ernie", you can enter
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.Dl tar cfb /dev/rst0 20 bert ernie
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or
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.Dl tar --create --file /dev/rst0 --block-size 20 bert ernie
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Note that the
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.Fl f
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and
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.Fl b
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flags both require arguments, which they take from the command line in
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the order they were listed in the command word.
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.Pp
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Because
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.Pa /dev/rst0
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is the default device, and 20 is the default block
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size, the above example could have simply been
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.Dl tar c bert ernie
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.Pp
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To extract all the C sources and headers from an archive named
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"backup.tar", type
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.Dl tar xf backup.tar "*.[ch]"
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Note that the pattern must be quoted to prevent the shell from
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attempting to expand it according the files in the current working
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directory (the shell does not have access to the list of files in
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the archive, of course).
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.Pp
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To copy a file hierarchy while preserving metadata, type
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.Dl tar cf - -C srcdir ". |" tar xpf "-C destdir"
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.Pp
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To create a compressed archive on diskette, using gzip, use a command-line like
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.Dl tar --block-compress -z -c -v -f /dev/rfd1a -b 36 tar/
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Note that you cannot mix bundled flags and --style flags; you can use
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single-letter flags in the manner above, rather than having to type
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.Dl tar --block-compress --gzip --verbose --file /dev/rfd1a --block-size 20 tar/
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.Pp
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The above-created diskette can be listed with
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.Dl tar tvfbz /dev/rfd1a 36
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.Pp
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To join two tar archives into a single archive, use
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.Dl tar Af archive1.tar archive2.tar
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which will add the files contained in archive2.tar onto the end of
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archive1.tar (note that this can't be done by simply typing
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.Dl cat archive2.tar >> archive1.tar
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because of the end-of-file block at the end of a tar archive).
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.Sh ENVIRONMENT
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The
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.Nm
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program examines the following environment variables:
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.Bl -tag -width "POSIXLY-CORRECT"
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.It Ev POSIXLY-CORRECT
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Normally,
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.Nm
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will process flag arguments that appear in the file list.
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If set in the environment, this flag causes
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.Nm
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to consider the first
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non-flag argument to terminate flag processing, as per the POSIX specification.
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.It Ev SHELL
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In interactive mode, a permissible response to the prompt is to
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request to spawn a subshell, which will be "/bin/sh" unless the
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.Ev SHELL
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variable is set.
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.It Ev TAPE
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Changes the default tape drive (which is still overridden by the
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.Fl f
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flag).
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.El
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.Sh FILES
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.Bl -tag -width "/dev/rst0"
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.It Pa /dev/rst0
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The default tape drive.
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.El
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.\" This next request is for sections 1, 6, 7 & 8 only
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.\" (command return values (to shell) and fprintf/stderr type diagnostics)
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.\" .Sh DIAGNOSTICS
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr compress 1 ,
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.Xr gzip 1 ,
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.Xr pax 1 ,
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.Xr rmt 8
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.\" .Sh STANDARDS
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.Sh HISTORY
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The tar format has a rich history, dating back to
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.At v6 .
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The current implementation of tar is the GNU implementation, which
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originated as the public-domain tar written by John Gilmore.
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.Sh AUTHORS
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A cast of thousands, including [as listed in the ChangeLog file in the
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source]
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John Gilmore (author of original public domain version),
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Jay Fenlason (first GNU author),
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Joy Kendall,
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Jim Kingdon,
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David J. MacKenzie,
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Michael I. Bushnell,
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Noah Friedman,
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and innumerable others who have contributed fixes and additions.
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.Sh BUGS
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The
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.Fl C
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feature does not work like historical tar programs, and is probably
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untrustworthy.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl A
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command should work to join an arbitrary number of tar archives
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together, but it does not; attempting to do so leaves the
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end-of-archive blocks in place for the second and subsequent archives.
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