1846 lines
50 KiB
Groff
1846 lines
50 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1985, 1991 The Regents of the University of California.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" from: @(#)termcap.5 6.11 (Berkeley) 3/6/93
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.\" $Id: termcap.5,v 1.9 1997/03/08 14:13:54 mouse Exp $
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.\"
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.Dd March 6, 1993
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.Dt TERMCAP 5
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.Os BSD 3
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm termcap
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.Nd terminal capability data base
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm termcap
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm Termcap
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file
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is a data base describing terminals,
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used,
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for example,
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by
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.Xr \&vi 1
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and
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.Xr curses 3 .
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Terminals are described in
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.Nm termcap
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by giving a set of capabilities that they have and by describing
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how operations are performed.
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Padding requirements and initialization sequences
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are included in
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.Nm termcap .
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.Pp
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Entries in
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.Nm termcap
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consist of a number of `:'-separated fields.
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The first entry for each terminal gives the names that are known for the
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terminal, separated by `|' characters.
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The first name given is the most common abbreviation for the terminal.
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The last name given should be a long name fully identifying the terminal,
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and all others are understood as synonyms for the terminal name.
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All names but the last should be in lower case and contain no blanks;
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the last name may well contain upper case characters and blanks for
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readability.
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.Pp
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Terminal names (except for the last, verbose entry)
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should be chosen using the following conventions.
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The particular piece of hardware making up the terminal
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should have a root name chosen, thus
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.Dq hp2621
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This name should not contain hyphens.
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Modes that the hardware can be in
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or user preferences
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should be indicated by appending a hyphen and an indicator of the mode.
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Therefore, a
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.Dq vt100
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in 132-column mode would be
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.Dq vt100-w .
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The following suffixes should be used where possible:
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.Pp
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.Bd -filled -offset indent
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.Bl -column indent "With automatic margins (usually default)xx"
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.Sy Suffix Meaning Example
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-w Wide mode (more than 80 columns) vt100-w
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-am With automatic margins (usually default) vt100-am
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-nam Without automatic margins vt100-nam
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.Pf \- Ar n Ta No "Number of lines on screen aaa-60"
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-na No arrow keys (leave them in local) concept100-na
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.Pf \- Ar \&np Ta No "Number of pages of memory concept100-4p"
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-rv Reverse video concept100-rv
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.El
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.Ed
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.Sh CAPABILITIES
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The characters in the
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.Em Notes
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function
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field in the table have the following meanings
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(more than one may apply to a capability):
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.Pp
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.Bd -unfilled -offset indent
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N indicates numeric parameter(s)
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P indicates that padding may be specified
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* indicates that padding may be based on the number of lines affected
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o indicates capability is obsolete
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.Ed
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.Pp
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.Dq Obsolete
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capabilities have no
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.Em terminfo
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equivalents,
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since they were considered useless,
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or are subsumed by other capabilities.
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New software should not rely on them at all.
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.Pp
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.Bl -column indent indent indent
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.Sy Name Type Notes Description
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functions
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.It "ae str (P) End alternative character set."
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.It AL str (NP*) Add"
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.Em n
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new blank lines
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.It "al str (P*) Add new blank line."
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.It "am bool Terminal has automatic margins."
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.It "as str (P) Start alternative character set."
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.It "bc str (o) Backspace if not."
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.Sy \&^H .
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.It "bl str (P) Audible signal (bell)."
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.It "bs bool (o) Terminal can backspace with"
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.Sy \&^H .
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.It "bt str (P) Back tab."
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.It "bw bool " Ta Sy \&le
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(backspace) wraps from column 0 to last column.
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.It "CC str Terminal settable command character in prototype."
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.It "cd str (P*) Clear to end of display."
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.It "ce str (P) Clear to end of line."
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.It "ch str (NP) Set cursor column (horizontal position)."
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.It "cl str (P*) Clear screen and home cursor."
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.It "CM str (NP) Memory-relative cursor addressing."
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.It "cm str (NP) Screen-relative cursor motion."
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.It "co num Number of columns in a line (See"
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.Sx BUGS
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section below).
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.It "cr str (P) Carriage return."
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.It "cs str (NP) Change scrolling region (VT100)."
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.It "ct str (P) Clear all tab stops."
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.It "cv str (NP) Set cursor row (vertical position)."
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.It "da bool Display may be retained above the screen."
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.It "dB num (o) Milliseconds of"
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.Sy \&bs
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delay needed (default 0).
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.It "db bool Display may be retained below the screen."
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.It "DC str (NP*) Delete"
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.Em n
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characters.
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.It "dC num (o) Milliseconds of"
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.Sy \&cr
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delay needed (default 0).
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.It "dc str (P*) Delete character."
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.It "dF num (o) Milliseconds of"
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.Sy \&ff
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delay needed (default 0).
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.It "DL str (NP*) Delete"
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.Ar n
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lines.
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.It "dl str (P*) Delete line."
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.It "dm str Enter delete mode."
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.It "dN num (o) Milliseconds of
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.Sy \&nl
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delay needed (default 0).
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.It "DO str (NP*) Move cursor down:
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.Ar n
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lines.
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.It "do str Down one line."
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.It "ds str Disable status line."
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.It "dT num (o) Milliseconds of horizontal tab delay needed (default 0)."
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.It "dV num (o) Milliseconds of vertical tab delay needed (default 0)."
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.It "ec str (NP) Erase"
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.Ar n
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characters.
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.It "ed str End delete mode."
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.It "ei str End insert mode."
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.It "eo bool Can erase overstrikes with a blank."
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.It "EP bool (o) Even parity."
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.It "es bool Escape can be used on the status line."
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.It "ff str (P*) Hardcopy terminal page eject."
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.It "fs str Return from status line."
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.It "gn bool Generic line type, for example dialup, switch)."
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.It "hc bool Hardcopy terminal."
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.It "HD bool (o) Half-duplex."
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.It "hd str Half-line down (forward 1/2 linefeed)."
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.It "ho str (P) Home cursor."
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.It "hs bool Has extra"
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.Dq status line .
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.It "hu str Half-line up (reverse 1/2 linefeed)."
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.It "hz bool Cannot print ``~'' (Hazeltine)."
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.It "i1-i3 str Terminal initialization strings"
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.Pf ( Xr terminfo
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only)
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.It "IC str (NP*) Insert"
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.Ar n
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blank characters.
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.It "ic str (P*) Insert character."
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.It "if str Name of file containing initialization string."
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.It "im str Enter insert mode."
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.It "in bool Insert mode distinguishes nulls."
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.It "iP str Pathname of program for initialization"
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.Pf ( Xr terminfo
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only).
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.It "ip str (P*) Insert pad after character inserted."
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.It "is str Terminal initialization string"
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.Pf ( Nm termcap
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only).
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.It "it num Tabs initially every"
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.Ar n
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positions.
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.It "K1 str Sent by keypad upper left."
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.It "K2 str Sent by keypad center."
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.It "K3 str Sent by keypad upper right."
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.It "K4 str Sent by keypad lower left."
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.It "K5 str Sent by keypad lower right."
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.It "k0-k9 str Sent by function keys 0-9."
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.It "kA str Sent by insert-line key."
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.It "ka str Sent by clear-all-tabs key."
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.It "kb str Sent by backspace key."
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.It "kC str Sent by clear-screen or erase key."
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.It "kD str Sent by delete-character key."
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.It "kd str Sent by down-arrow key."
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.It "kE str Sent by clear-to-end-of-line key."
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.It "ke str Out of"
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.Dq keypad transmit
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mode.
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.It "kF str Sent by scroll-forward/down key."
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.It "kH str Sent by home-down key."
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.It "kh str Sent by home key."
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.It "kI str Sent by insert-character or enter-insert-mode key."
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.It "kL str Sent by delete-line key."
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.It "kl str Sent by left-arrow key."
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.It "kM str Sent by insert key while in insert mode."
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.It "km bool Has a"
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.Dq meta
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key (shift, sets parity bit).
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.It "kN str Sent by next-page key."
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.It "kn num (o) Number of function"
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.Pq Sy \&k\&0 Ns \- Sy \&k\&9
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keys (default 0).
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.It "ko str (o) Termcap entries for other non-function keys."
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.It "kP str Sent by previous-page key."
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.It "kR str Sent by scroll-backward/up key."
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.It "kr str Sent by right-arrow key."
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.It "kS str Sent by clear-to-end-of-screen key."
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.It "ks str Put terminal in"
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.Dq keypad transmit
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mode.
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.It "kT str Sent by set-tab key."
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.It "kt str Sent by clear-tab key."
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.It "ku str Sent by up-arrow key."
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.It "l0-l9 str Labels on function keys if not"
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.Dq \&f Ns Em n .
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.It "LC bool (o) Lower-case only."
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.It "LE str (NP) Move cursor left"
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.Ar n
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positions.
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.It "le str (P) Move cursor left one position."
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.It "li num Number of lines on screen or page (See"
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.Sx BUGS
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section below)
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.It "ll str Last line, first column
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.It "lm num Lines of memory if >" Sy \&li
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(0 means varies).
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.It "ma str (o) Arrow key map (used by"
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.Xr \&vi
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version 2 only).
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.It "mb str Turn on blinking attribute."
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.It "md str Turn on bold (extra bright) attribute."
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.It "me str Turn off all attributes."
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.It "mh str Turn on half-bright attribute."
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.It "mi bool Safe to move while in insert mode."
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.It "mk str Turn on blank attribute (characters invisible)."
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.It "ml str (o) Memory lock on above cursor."
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.It "mm str Turn on"
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.Dq meta mode
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(8th bit).
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.It "mo str Turn off"
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.Dq meta mode .
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.It "mp str Turn on protected attribute."
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.It "mr str Turn on reverse-video attibute."
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.It "ms bool Safe to move in standout modes."
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.It "mu str (o) Memory unlock (turn off memory lock)."
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.It "nc bool (o) No correctly-working"
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.Sy \&cr
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(Datamedia 2500, Hazeltine 2000).
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.It "nd str Non-destructive space (cursor right)."
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.It "NL bool (o)" Ta Sy \&\en No "is newline, not line feed."
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.It "nl str (o) Newline character if not" Sy \en .
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.It "ns bool (o) Terminal is a" Tn CRT No "but doesn't scroll."
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.It "nw str (P) Newline (behaves like"
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.Sy \&cr
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followed by
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.Sy \&do ).
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.It "OP bool (o) Odd parity."
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.It "os bool Terminal overstrikes."
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.It "pb num Lowest baud where delays are required."
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.It "pc str Pad character (default" Tn NUL ).
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.It "pf str Turn off the printer."
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.It "pk str Program function key"
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.Em n
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to type string
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.Em s
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.Pf ( Xr terminfo
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only).
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.It "pl str Program function key"
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.Em n
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to execute string
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.Em s
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.Pf ( Xr terminfo
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only).
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.It "pO str (N) Turn on the printer for"
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.Em n
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bytes.
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.It "po str Turn on the printer."
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.It "ps str Print contents of the screen."
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.It "pt bool (o) Has hardware tabs (may need to be set with"
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.Sy \&is ).
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.It "px str Program function key"
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.Em n
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to transmit string
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.Em s
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.Pf ( Xr terminfo
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only).
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.It "r1-r3 str Reset terminal completely to sane modes"
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.Pf ( Xr terminfo
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only).
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.It "rc str (P) Restore cursor to position of last"
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.Sy \&sc .
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.It "rf str Name of file containing reset codes."
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.It "RI str (NP) Move cursor right"
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.Em n
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positions.
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.It "rp str (NP*) Repeat character"
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.Em c n
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times.
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.It "rs str Reset terminal completely to sane modes"
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.Pf ( Nm termcap
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only).
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.It "sa str (NP) Define the video attributes."
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.It "sc str (P) Save cursor position."
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.It "se str End standout mode."
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.It "SF str (NP*) Scroll forward"
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.Em n
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lines.
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.It "sf str (P) Scroll text up."
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.It "sg num Number of garbage chars left by"
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.Sy \&so
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or
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.Sy \&se
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(default 0).
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.It "so str Begin standout mode."
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.It "SR str (NP*) Scroll backward"
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.Em n
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lines.
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.It "sr str (P) Scroll text down."
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.It "st str Set a tab in all rows, current column."
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.It "ta str (P) Tab to next 8-position hardware tab stop."
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.It "tc str Entry of similar terminal \- must be last."
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.It "te str String to end programs that use"
|
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.Nm termcap .
|
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.It "ti str String to begin programs that use"
|
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.Nm termcap .
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.It "ts str (N) Go to status line, column"
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.Em n .
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.It "UC bool (o) Upper-case only."
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.It "uc str Underscore one character and move past it."
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.It "ue str End underscore mode."
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.It "ug num Number of garbage chars left by"
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.Sy \&us
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or
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.Sy \&ue
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(default 0).
|
|
.It "ul bool Underline character overstrikes."
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.It "UP str (NP*) Move cursor up"
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|
.Em n
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|
lines.
|
|
.It "up str Upline (cursor up)."
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|
.It "us str Start underscore mode."
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.It "vb str Visible bell (must not move cursor)."
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.It "ve str Make cursor appear normal (undo"
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.Sy \&vs Ns / Sy \&vi ) .
|
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.It "vi str Make cursor invisible."
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.It "vs str Make cursor very visible."
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.It "vt num Virtual terminal number (not supported on all systems)."
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.It "wi str (N) Set current window."
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.It "ws num Number of columns in status line."
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.It "xb bool Beehive"
|
|
.Pf ( "f1=" Dv ESC ,
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.Pf "f2=" Sy \&^C ) .
|
|
.It "xn bool Newline ignored after 80 cols (Concept)."
|
|
.It "xo bool Terminal uses xoff/xon"
|
|
.Pq Dv DC3 Ns / Ns Dv DC1
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|
handshaking.
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|
.It "xr bool (o) Return acts like"
|
|
.Sy "ce cr nl"
|
|
(Delta Data).
|
|
.It "xs bool Standout not erased by overwriting (Hewlett-Packard)."
|
|
.It "xt bool Tabs ruin, magic"
|
|
.SY \&so
|
|
char (Teleray 1061).
|
|
.It "xx bool (o) Tektronix 4025 insert-line."
|
|
.El
|
|
.Ss A Sample Entry
|
|
The following entry, which describes the Concept\-100, is among the more
|
|
complex entries in the
|
|
.Nm termcap
|
|
file as of this writing.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
ca\||\|concept100\||\|c100\||\|concept\||\|c104\||\|concept100-4p\||\|HDS Concept\-100:\e
|
|
:al=3*\eE^R:am:bl=^G:cd=16*\eE^C:ce=16\eE^U:cl=2*^L:cm=\eEa%+ %+ :\e
|
|
:co#80:.cr=9^M:db:dc=16\eE^A:dl=3*\eE^B:do=^J:ei=\eE\e200:eo:im=\eE^P:in:\e
|
|
:ip=16*:is=\eEU\eEf\eE7\eE5\eE8\eEl\eENH\eEK\eE\e200\eEo&\e200\eEo\e47\eE:k1=\eE5:\e
|
|
:k2=\eE6:k3=\eE7:kb=^h:kd=\eE<:ke=\eEx:kh=\eE?:kl=\eE>:kr=\eE=:ks=\eEX:\e
|
|
:ku=\eE;:le=^H:li#24:mb=\eEC:me=\eEN\e200:mh=\eEE:mi:mk=\eEH:mp=\eEI:\e
|
|
:mr=\eED:nd=\eE=:pb#9600:rp=0.2*\eEr%.%+ :se=\eEd\eEe:sf=^J:so=\eEE\eED:\e
|
|
:.ta=8\et:te=\eEv \e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\eEp\er\en:\e
|
|
:ti=\eEU\eEv 8p\eEp\er:ue=\eEg:ul:up=\eE;:us=\eEG:\e
|
|
:vb=\eEk\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\e200\eEK:\e
|
|
:ve=\eEw:vs=\eEW:vt#8:xn:\e
|
|
:bs:cr=^M:dC#9:dT#8:nl=^J:ta=^I:pt:
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Entries may continue onto multiple lines by giving a \e as the last
|
|
character of a line, and empty fields
|
|
may be included for readability (here between the last field on a line
|
|
and the first field on the next).
|
|
Comments may be included on lines beginning with
|
|
.Dq # .
|
|
.Ss Types of Capabilities
|
|
Capabilities in
|
|
.Nm termcap
|
|
are of three types: Boolean capabilities,
|
|
which indicate particular features that the terminal has;
|
|
numeric capabilities,
|
|
giving the size of the display or the size of other attributes;
|
|
and string capabilities,
|
|
which give character sequences that can be used to perform particular
|
|
terminal operations.
|
|
All capabilities have two-letter codes.
|
|
For instance, the fact that
|
|
the Concept has
|
|
.Em automatic margins
|
|
(an automatic return and linefeed
|
|
when the end of a line is reached) is indicated by the Boolean capability
|
|
.Sy \&am .
|
|
Hence the description of the Concept includes
|
|
.Sy \&am .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Numeric capabilities are followed by the character `#' then the value.
|
|
In the example above
|
|
.Sy \&co ,
|
|
which indicates the number of columns the display has,
|
|
gives the value `80' for the Concept.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Finally, string-valued capabilities, such as
|
|
.Sy \&ce
|
|
(clear-to-end-of-line
|
|
sequence) are given by the two-letter code, an `=', then a string
|
|
ending at the next following `:'.
|
|
A delay in milliseconds may appear after
|
|
the `=' in such a capability,
|
|
which causes padding characters to be supplied by
|
|
.Xr tputs
|
|
after the remainder of the string is sent to provide this delay.
|
|
The delay can be either a number,
|
|
such as `20', or a number followed by
|
|
an `*',
|
|
such as `3*'.
|
|
An `*' indicates that the padding required is proportional
|
|
to the number of lines affected by the operation, and the amount given is
|
|
the per-affected-line padding required.
|
|
(In the case of insert-character,
|
|
the factor is still the number of
|
|
.Em lines
|
|
affected;
|
|
this is always 1 unless the terminal has
|
|
.Sy \&in
|
|
and the software uses it.)
|
|
When an `*' is specified, it is sometimes useful to give a delay of the form
|
|
`3.5' to specify a delay per line to tenths of milliseconds.
|
|
(Only one decimal place is allowed.)
|
|
.Pp
|
|
A number of escape sequences are provided in the string-valued capabilities
|
|
for easy encoding of control characters there.
|
|
.Sy \&\eE
|
|
maps to an
|
|
.Dv ESC
|
|
character,
|
|
.Sy \&^X
|
|
maps to a control-X for any appropriate X,
|
|
and the sequences
|
|
.Sy \&\en
|
|
.Sy \&\er
|
|
.Sy \&\et
|
|
.Sy \&\eb
|
|
.Sy \&\ef
|
|
map to linefeed, return, tab, backspace, and formfeed, respectively.
|
|
Finally, characters may be given as three octal digits after a
|
|
.Sy \&\e ,
|
|
and the characters
|
|
.Sy \&^
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&\e
|
|
may be given as
|
|
.Sy \&\e^
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&\e\e .
|
|
If it is necessary to place a
|
|
.Sy \&:
|
|
in a capability it must be escaped in
|
|
octal as
|
|
.Sy \&\e072 .
|
|
If it is necessary to place a
|
|
.Dv NUL
|
|
character in a string capability it
|
|
must be encoded as
|
|
.Sy \&\e200 .
|
|
(The routines that deal with
|
|
.Nm termcap
|
|
use C strings and strip the high bits of the output very late, so that
|
|
a
|
|
.Sy \&\e200
|
|
comes out as a
|
|
.Sy \&\e000
|
|
would.)
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Sometimes individual capabilities must be commented out.
|
|
To do this, put a period before the capability name.
|
|
For example, see the first
|
|
.Sy \&cr
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&ta
|
|
in the example above.
|
|
.Ss Preparing Descriptions
|
|
The most effective way to prepare a terminal description is by imitating
|
|
the description of a similar terminal in
|
|
.Nm termcap
|
|
and to build up a description gradually, using partial descriptions
|
|
with
|
|
.Xr \&vi
|
|
to check that they are correct.
|
|
Be aware that a very unusual terminal may expose deficiencies in
|
|
the ability of the
|
|
.Nm termcap
|
|
file to describe it
|
|
or bugs in
|
|
.Xr \&vi .
|
|
To easily test a new terminal description you are working on
|
|
you can put it in your home directory in a file called
|
|
.Pa .termcap
|
|
and programs will look there before looking in
|
|
.Pa /usr/share/misc/termcap .
|
|
You can also set the environment variable
|
|
.Ev TERMPATH
|
|
to a list of absolute file pathnames (separated by spaces or colons),
|
|
one of which contains the description you are working on,
|
|
and programs will search them in the order listed, and nowhere else.
|
|
See
|
|
.Xr termcap 3 .
|
|
The
|
|
.Ev TERMCAP
|
|
environment variable is usually set to the
|
|
.Nm termcap
|
|
entry itself
|
|
to avoid reading files when starting up a program.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
To get the padding for insert-line right
|
|
(if the terminal manufacturer did not document it),
|
|
a severe test is to use
|
|
.Xr \&vi
|
|
to edit
|
|
.Pa /etc/passwd
|
|
at 9600 baud, delete roughly 16 lines from the middle of the screen,
|
|
then hit the `u' key several times quickly.
|
|
If the display messes up, more padding is usually needed.
|
|
A similar test can be used for insert-character.
|
|
.Ss Basic Capabilities
|
|
The number of columns on each line of the display is given by the
|
|
.Sy \&co
|
|
numeric capability.
|
|
If the display is a
|
|
.Tn CRT ,
|
|
then the
|
|
number of lines on the screen is given by the
|
|
.Sy \&li
|
|
capability.
|
|
If the display wraps around to the beginning of the next line when
|
|
the cursor reaches the right margin, then it should have the
|
|
.Sy \&am
|
|
capability.
|
|
If the terminal can clear its screen,
|
|
the code to do this is given by the
|
|
.Sy \&cl
|
|
string capability.
|
|
If the terminal overstrikes
|
|
(rather than clearing the position when a character is overwritten),
|
|
it should have the
|
|
.Sy \&os
|
|
capability.
|
|
If the terminal is a printing terminal,
|
|
with no soft copy unit,
|
|
give it both
|
|
.Sy \&hc
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&os .
|
|
.Pf ( Sy \&os
|
|
applies to storage scope terminals,
|
|
such as the Tektronix 4010 series,
|
|
as well as to hard copy and
|
|
.Tn APL
|
|
terminals.)
|
|
If there is a code to move the cursor to the left edge of the current row,
|
|
give this as
|
|
.Sy \&cr .
|
|
(Normally this will be carriage-return,
|
|
.Sy \&^M . )
|
|
If there is a code to produce an audible signal (bell, beep,
|
|
etc. ) ,
|
|
give this as
|
|
.Sy \&bl .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If there is a code (such as backspace)
|
|
to move the cursor one position to the left,
|
|
that capability should be given as
|
|
.Sy \&le .
|
|
Similarly,
|
|
codes to move to the right, up, and down
|
|
should be given as
|
|
.Sy \&nd ,
|
|
.Sy \&up ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&do ,
|
|
respectively.
|
|
These
|
|
.Em local cursor motions
|
|
should not alter the text they pass over;
|
|
for example, you would not normally use
|
|
.Dq nd=\ \&
|
|
unless the terminal has the
|
|
.Sy \&os
|
|
capability,
|
|
because the space would erase the character moved over.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
A very important point here is that the local cursor motions encoded
|
|
in
|
|
.Nm termcap
|
|
have undefined behavior at the left and top edges of a
|
|
.Tn CRT
|
|
display.
|
|
Programs should never attempt to backspace around the left edge,
|
|
unless
|
|
.Sy \&bw
|
|
is given, and never attempt to go up off the top
|
|
using local cursor motions.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
In order to scroll text up,
|
|
a program goes to the bottom left corner of the screen and sends the
|
|
.Sy \&sf
|
|
(index) string.
|
|
To scroll text down,
|
|
a program goes to the top left corner of the screen and sends the
|
|
.Sy \&sr
|
|
(reverse index) string.
|
|
The strings
|
|
.Sy \&sf
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&sr
|
|
have undefined behavior
|
|
when not on their respective corners of the screen.
|
|
Parameterized versions of the scrolling sequences are
|
|
.Sy \&SF
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&SR ,
|
|
which have the same semantics as
|
|
.Sy \&sf
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&sr
|
|
except that they take one parameter
|
|
and scroll that many lines.
|
|
They also have undefined behavior
|
|
except at the appropriate corner of the screen.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Sy \&am
|
|
capability tells whether the cursor sticks at the right
|
|
edge of the screen when text is output there,
|
|
but this does not necessarily apply to
|
|
.Sy \&nd
|
|
from the last column.
|
|
Leftward local motion is defined from the left edge only when
|
|
.Sy \&bw
|
|
is given; then an
|
|
.Sy \&le
|
|
from the left edge will move to the right edge of the previous row.
|
|
This is useful for drawing a box around the edge of the screen,
|
|
for example.
|
|
If the terminal has switch-selectable automatic margins,
|
|
the
|
|
.Nm termcap
|
|
description usually assumes that this feature is on,
|
|
.Em i.e . ,
|
|
.Sy \&am .
|
|
If the terminal has a command
|
|
that moves to the first column of the next line,
|
|
that command can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&nw
|
|
(newline).
|
|
It is permissible for this to clear the remainder of the current line,
|
|
so if the terminal has no correctly-working
|
|
.Tn \&CR
|
|
and
|
|
.Tn \&LF
|
|
it may still be possible to craft a working
|
|
.Sy \&nw
|
|
out of one or both of them.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
These capabilities suffice to describe hardcopy and
|
|
.Dq glass-tty
|
|
terminals.
|
|
Thus the Teletype model 33 is described as
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
T3\||\|tty33\||\|33\||\|tty\||\|Teletype model 33:\e
|
|
:bl=^G:co#72:cr=^M:do=^J:hc:os:
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
and the Lear Siegler
|
|
.Tn ADM Ns \-3
|
|
is described as
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
l3\||\|adm3\||\|3\||\|LSI \s-1ADM\s0-3:\e
|
|
:am:bl=^G:cl=^Z:co#80:cr=^M:do=^J:le=^H:li#24:sf=^J:
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Ss Parameterized Strings
|
|
Cursor addressing and other strings requiring parameters
|
|
are described by a
|
|
parameterized string capability, with
|
|
.Xr printf 3 Ns \-like
|
|
escapes
|
|
.Sy \&%x
|
|
in it,
|
|
while other characters are passed through unchanged.
|
|
For example, to address the cursor the
|
|
.Sy \&cm
|
|
capability is given, using two parameters: the row and column to move to.
|
|
(Rows and columns are numbered from zero and refer to the physical screen
|
|
visible to the user, not to any unseen memory.
|
|
If the terminal has memory-relative cursor addressing,
|
|
that can be indicated by an analogous
|
|
.Sy \&CM
|
|
capability.)
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Sy \&%
|
|
encodings have the following meanings:
|
|
.Bl -column xxxxx
|
|
.It "%% output `%'"
|
|
.It "%d output value as in"
|
|
.Xr printf
|
|
%d
|
|
.It "%2 output value as in"
|
|
.Xr printf
|
|
%2d
|
|
.It "%3 output value as in"
|
|
.Xr printf
|
|
%3d
|
|
.It "%. output value as in"
|
|
.Xr printf
|
|
%c
|
|
.It "%+" Ns Em x Ta No add
|
|
.Em x
|
|
to value, then do %.
|
|
.It "%>" Ns Em \&xy Ta No if
|
|
value >
|
|
.Em x
|
|
then add
|
|
.Em y ,
|
|
no output
|
|
.It "%r reverse order of two parameters, no output"
|
|
.It "%i increment by one, no output"
|
|
.It "%n exclusive-or all parameters with 0140 (Datamedia 2500)"
|
|
.It "%B" Ta Tn BCD No "(16*(value/10)) + (value%10), no output"
|
|
.It "%D Reverse coding (value \- 2*(value%16)), no output (Delta Data)."
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Consider the Hewlett-Packard 2645, which, to get to row 3 and column 12, needs
|
|
to be sent
|
|
.Dq \eE&a12c03Y
|
|
padded for 6 milliseconds.
|
|
Note that the order
|
|
of the row and column coordinates is reversed here
|
|
and that the row and column
|
|
are sent as two-digit integers.
|
|
Thus its
|
|
.Sy \&cm
|
|
capability is
|
|
.Dq Li cm=6\eE&%r%2c%2Y .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The Datamedia 2500 needs the current row and column sent
|
|
encoded in binary using
|
|
.Dq \&%. .
|
|
Terminals that use
|
|
.Dq \&%.
|
|
need to be able to
|
|
backspace the cursor
|
|
.Po Sy \&le Pc
|
|
and to move the cursor up one line on the screen
|
|
.Po Sy \&up Pc .
|
|
This is necessary because it is not always safe to transmit
|
|
.Sy \&\en ,
|
|
.Sy \&^D ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&\er ,
|
|
as the system may change or discard them.
|
|
(Programs using
|
|
.Nm termcap
|
|
must set terminal modes so that tabs are not expanded, so
|
|
.Sy \&\et
|
|
is safe to send.
|
|
This turns out to be essential for the Ann Arbor 4080.)
|
|
.Pp
|
|
A final example is the Lear Siegler
|
|
.Tn ADM Ns \-3a,
|
|
which offsets row and column
|
|
by a blank character, thus
|
|
.Dq Li cm=\eE=%+ %+\ \& .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Row or column absolute cursor addressing
|
|
can be given as single parameter capabilities
|
|
.Sy \&ch
|
|
(horizontal position absolute) and
|
|
.Sy \&cv
|
|
(vertical position absolute).
|
|
Sometimes these are shorter than the more general two-parameter sequence
|
|
(as with the Hewlett-Packard 2645) and can be used in preference to
|
|
.Sy \&cm .
|
|
If there are parameterized local motions
|
|
.Pf ( Em e.g . ,
|
|
move
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
positions to the right)
|
|
these can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&DO ,
|
|
.Sy \&LE ,
|
|
.Sy \&RI ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&UP
|
|
with a single parameter indicating how many positions to move.
|
|
These are primarily useful if the terminal does not have
|
|
.Sy \&cm ,
|
|
such as the Tektronix 4025.
|
|
.Ss Cursor Motions
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the terminal has a fast way to home the cursor
|
|
(to the very upper left corner of the screen), this can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&ho .
|
|
Similarly, a fast way of getting to the lower left-hand corner
|
|
can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&ll ;
|
|
this may involve going up with
|
|
.Sy \&up
|
|
from the home position,
|
|
but a program should never do this itself (unless
|
|
.Sy \&ll
|
|
does), because it can
|
|
make no assumption about the effect of moving up from the home position.
|
|
Note that the home position is the same as
|
|
cursor address (0,0): to the top left corner of the screen, not of memory.
|
|
(Therefore, the
|
|
.Dq \eEH
|
|
sequence on Hewlett-Packard terminals
|
|
cannot be used for
|
|
.Sy \&ho . )
|
|
.Ss Area Clears
|
|
If the terminal can clear from the current position to the end of the
|
|
line, leaving the cursor where it is, this should be given as
|
|
.Sy \&ce .
|
|
If the terminal can clear from the current position to the end of the
|
|
display, this should be given as
|
|
.Sy \&cd .
|
|
.Sy \&cd
|
|
must only be invoked from the first column of a line.
|
|
(Therefore,
|
|
it can be simulated by a request to delete a large number of lines,
|
|
if a true
|
|
.Sy \&cd
|
|
is not available.)
|
|
.Ss Insert/Delete Line
|
|
If the terminal can open a new blank line
|
|
before the line containing the cursor,
|
|
this should be given as
|
|
.Sy \&al ;
|
|
this must be invoked only from the first
|
|
position of a line.
|
|
The cursor must then appear at the left of the newly blank line.
|
|
If the terminal can delete the line that the cursor is on, this
|
|
should be given as
|
|
.Sy \&dl ;
|
|
this must only be used from the first position on
|
|
the line to be deleted.
|
|
Versions of
|
|
.Sy \&al
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&dl
|
|
which take a single parameter
|
|
and insert or delete that many lines
|
|
can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&AL
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&DL .
|
|
If the terminal has a settable scrolling region
|
|
(like the VT100),
|
|
the command to set this can be described with the
|
|
.Sy \&cs
|
|
capability,
|
|
which takes two parameters: the top and bottom lines of the scrolling region.
|
|
The cursor position is, alas, undefined after using this command.
|
|
It is possible to get the effect of insert or delete line
|
|
using this command \(em the
|
|
.Sy \&sc
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&rc
|
|
(save and restore cursor) commands are also useful.
|
|
Inserting lines at the top or bottom of the screen can also be done using
|
|
.Sy \&sr
|
|
or
|
|
.Sy \&sf
|
|
on many terminals without a true insert/delete line,
|
|
and is often faster even on terminals with those features.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the terminal has the ability to define a window as part of memory
|
|
which all commands affect, it should be given as the parameterized string
|
|
.Sy \&wi .
|
|
The four parameters are the starting and ending lines in memory
|
|
and the starting and ending columns in memory, in that order.
|
|
(This
|
|
.Xr terminfo
|
|
capability is described for completeness.
|
|
It is unlikely that any
|
|
.Nm termcap Ns \- using
|
|
program will support it.)
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the terminal can retain display memory above the screen, then the
|
|
.Sy \&da
|
|
capability should be given;
|
|
if display memory can be retained
|
|
below, then
|
|
.Sy \&db
|
|
should be given.
|
|
These indicate
|
|
that deleting a line or scrolling may bring non-blank lines up from below
|
|
or that scrolling back with
|
|
.Sy \&sr
|
|
may bring down non-blank lines.
|
|
.Ss Insert/Delete Character
|
|
There are two basic kinds of intelligent terminals with respect to
|
|
insert/delete character that can be described using
|
|
.Nm termcap .
|
|
The most common insert/delete character operations affect only the characters
|
|
on the current line and shift characters off the end of the line rigidly.
|
|
Other terminals, such as the Concept\-100 and the Perkin Elmer Owl, make
|
|
a distinction between typed and untyped blanks on the screen, shifting
|
|
upon an insert or delete only to an untyped blank on the screen which is
|
|
either eliminated or expanded to two untyped blanks.
|
|
You can determine
|
|
the kind of terminal you have by clearing the screen then typing
|
|
text separated by cursor motions.
|
|
Type
|
|
.Dq Li abc\ \ \ \ def
|
|
using local
|
|
cursor motions (not spaces) between the
|
|
.Dq abc
|
|
and the
|
|
.Dq def .
|
|
Then position the cursor before the
|
|
.Dq abc
|
|
and put the terminal in insert
|
|
mode.
|
|
If typing characters causes the rest of the line to shift
|
|
rigidly and characters to fall off the end, then your terminal does
|
|
not distinguish between blanks and untyped positions.
|
|
If the
|
|
.Dq abc
|
|
shifts over to the
|
|
.Dq def
|
|
which then move together around the end of the
|
|
current line and onto the next as you insert, then you have the second type of
|
|
terminal and should give the capability
|
|
.Sy \&in ,
|
|
which stands for
|
|
.Dq insert null .
|
|
While these are two logically separate attributes
|
|
(one line
|
|
.Em \&vs .
|
|
multi-line insert mode,
|
|
and special treatment of untyped spaces),
|
|
we have seen no terminals whose insert
|
|
mode cannot be described with the single attribute.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Nm Termcap
|
|
can describe both terminals that have an insert mode and terminals
|
|
that send a simple sequence to open a blank position on the current line.
|
|
Give as
|
|
.Sy \&im
|
|
the sequence to get into insert mode.
|
|
Give as
|
|
.Sy \&ei
|
|
the sequence to leave insert mode.
|
|
Now give as
|
|
.Sy \&ic
|
|
any sequence that needs to be sent just before
|
|
each character to be inserted.
|
|
Most terminals with a true insert mode
|
|
will not give
|
|
.Sy \&ic ;
|
|
terminals that use a sequence to open a screen
|
|
position should give it here.
|
|
(If your terminal has both,
|
|
insert mode is usually preferable to
|
|
.Sy \&ic .
|
|
Do not give both unless the terminal actually requires both to be used
|
|
in combination.)
|
|
If post-insert padding is needed, give this as a number of milliseconds
|
|
in
|
|
.Sy \&ip
|
|
(a string option).
|
|
Any other sequence that may need to be
|
|
sent after insertion of a single character can also be given in
|
|
.Sy \&ip .
|
|
If your terminal needs to be placed into an `insert mode'
|
|
and needs a special code preceding each inserted character,
|
|
then both
|
|
.Sy \&im Ns / Sy \&ei
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&ic
|
|
can be given, and both will be used.
|
|
The
|
|
.Sy \&IC
|
|
capability, with one parameter
|
|
.Em n ,
|
|
will repeat the effects of
|
|
.Sy \&ic
|
|
.Em n
|
|
times.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
It is occasionally necessary to move around while in insert mode
|
|
to delete characters on the same line
|
|
.Pf ( Em e.g . ,
|
|
if there is a tab after
|
|
the insertion position).
|
|
If your terminal allows motion while in
|
|
insert mode, you can give the capability
|
|
.Sy \&mi
|
|
to speed up inserting
|
|
in this case.
|
|
Omitting
|
|
.Sy \&mi
|
|
will affect only speed.
|
|
Some terminals
|
|
(notably Datamedia's) must not have
|
|
.Sy \&mi
|
|
because of the way their
|
|
insert mode works.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Finally, you can specify
|
|
.Sy \&dc
|
|
to delete a single character,
|
|
.Sy \&DC
|
|
with one parameter
|
|
.Em n
|
|
to delete
|
|
.Em n
|
|
characters,
|
|
and delete mode by giving
|
|
.Sy \&dm
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&ed
|
|
to enter and exit delete mode
|
|
(which is any mode the terminal needs to be placed in for
|
|
.Sy \&dc
|
|
to work).
|
|
.Ss Highlighting, Underlining, and Visible Bells
|
|
If your terminal has one or more kinds of display attributes,
|
|
these can be represented in a number of different ways.
|
|
You should choose one display form as
|
|
.Em standout mode ,
|
|
representing a good high-contrast, easy-on-the-eyes format
|
|
for highlighting error messages and other attention getters.
|
|
(If you have a choice, reverse video plus half-bright is good,
|
|
or reverse video alone.)
|
|
The sequences to enter and exit standout mode
|
|
are given as
|
|
.Sy \&so
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&se ,
|
|
respectively.
|
|
If the code to change into or out of standout
|
|
mode leaves one or even two blank spaces or garbage characters on the screen,
|
|
as the
|
|
.Tn TVI
|
|
912 and Teleray 1061 do,
|
|
then
|
|
.Sy \&sg
|
|
should be given to tell how many characters are left.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Codes to begin underlining and end underlining can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&us
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&ue ,
|
|
respectively.
|
|
Underline mode change garbage is specified by
|
|
.Sy \&ug ,
|
|
similar to
|
|
.Sy \&sg .
|
|
If the terminal has a code to underline the current character and move
|
|
the cursor one position to the right,
|
|
such as the Microterm Mime,
|
|
this can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&uc .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Other capabilities to enter various highlighting modes include
|
|
.Sy \&mb
|
|
(blinking),
|
|
.Sy \&md
|
|
(bold or extra bright),
|
|
.Sy \&mh
|
|
(dim or half-bright),
|
|
.Sy \&mk
|
|
(blanking or invisible text),
|
|
.Sy \&mp
|
|
(protected),
|
|
.Sy \&mr
|
|
(reverse video),
|
|
.Sy \&me
|
|
(turn off
|
|
.Em all
|
|
attribute modes),
|
|
.Sy \&as
|
|
(enter alternative character set mode), and
|
|
.Sy \&ae
|
|
(exit alternative character set mode).
|
|
Turning on any of these modes singly may or may not turn off other modes.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If there is a sequence to set arbitrary combinations of mode,
|
|
this should be given as
|
|
.Sy \&sa
|
|
(set attributes), taking 9 parameters.
|
|
Each parameter is either 0 or 1,
|
|
as the corresponding attributes is on or off.
|
|
The 9 parameters are, in order: standout, underline, reverse, blink,
|
|
dim, bold, blank, protect, and alternative character set.
|
|
Not all modes need be supported by
|
|
.Sy \&sa ,
|
|
only those for which corresponding attribute commands exist.
|
|
(It is unlikely that a
|
|
.Nm termcap Ns \-using
|
|
program will support this capability, which is defined for compatibility
|
|
with
|
|
.Xr terminfo . )
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Terminals with the
|
|
.Dq magic cookie
|
|
glitches
|
|
.Pf ( Sy \&sg
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&ug ) ,
|
|
rather than maintaining extra attribute bits for each character cell,
|
|
instead deposit special
|
|
.Dq cookies ,
|
|
or
|
|
.Dq garbage characters ,,
|
|
when they receive mode-setting sequences,
|
|
which affect the display algorithm.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Some terminals,
|
|
such as the Hewlett-Packard 2621,
|
|
automatically leave standout
|
|
mode when they move to a new line or when the cursor is addressed.
|
|
Programs using standout mode
|
|
should exit standout mode on such terminals
|
|
before moving the cursor or sending a newline.
|
|
On terminals where this is not a problem,
|
|
the
|
|
.Sy \&ms
|
|
capability should be present
|
|
to say that this overhead is unnecessary.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the terminal has
|
|
a way of flashing the screen to indicate an error quietly
|
|
(a bell replacement),
|
|
this can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&vb ;
|
|
it must not move the cursor.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the cursor needs to be made more visible than normal
|
|
when it is not on the bottom line
|
|
(to change, for example, a non-blinking underline into an easier-to-find
|
|
block or blinking underline),
|
|
give this sequence as
|
|
.Sy \&vs .
|
|
If there is a way to make the cursor completely invisible, give that as
|
|
.Sy \&vi .
|
|
The capability
|
|
.Sy \&ve ,
|
|
which undoes the effects of both of these modes,
|
|
should also be given.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If your terminal correctly displays underlined characters
|
|
(with no special codes needed)
|
|
even though it does not overstrike,
|
|
then you should give the capability
|
|
.Sy \&ul .
|
|
If overstrikes are erasable with a blank,
|
|
this should be indicated by giving
|
|
.Sy \&eo .
|
|
.Ss Keypad
|
|
If the terminal has a keypad that transmits codes when the keys are pressed,
|
|
this information can be given.
|
|
Note that it is not possible to handle
|
|
terminals where the keypad only works in local mode
|
|
(this applies, for example, to the unshifted Hewlett-Packard 2621 keys).
|
|
If the keypad can be set to transmit or not transmit,
|
|
give these codes as
|
|
.Sy \&ks
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&ke .
|
|
Otherwise the keypad is assumed to always transmit.
|
|
The codes sent by the left-arrow, right-arrow, up-arrow, down-arrow,
|
|
and home keys can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&kl ,
|
|
.Sy \&kr ,
|
|
.Sy \&ku ,
|
|
.Sy \&kd ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&kh ,
|
|
respectively.
|
|
If there are function keys such as f0, f1, ..., f9, the codes they send
|
|
can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&k0 ,
|
|
.Sy \&k1 ,
|
|
...,
|
|
.Sy \&k9 .
|
|
If these keys have labels other than the default f0 through f9, the labels
|
|
can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&l0 ,
|
|
.Sy \&l1 ,
|
|
...,
|
|
.Sy \&l9 .
|
|
The codes transmitted by certain other special keys can be given:
|
|
.Sy \&kH
|
|
(home down),
|
|
.Sy \&kb
|
|
(backspace),
|
|
.Sy \&ka
|
|
(clear all tabs),
|
|
.Sy \&kt
|
|
(clear the tab stop in this column),
|
|
.Sy \&kC
|
|
(clear screen or erase),
|
|
.Sy \&kD
|
|
(delete character),
|
|
.Sy \&kL
|
|
(delete line),
|
|
.Sy \&kM
|
|
(exit insert mode),
|
|
.Sy \&kE
|
|
(clear to end of line),
|
|
.Sy \&kS
|
|
(clear to end of screen),
|
|
.Sy \&kI
|
|
(insert character or enter insert mode),
|
|
.Sy \&kA
|
|
(insert line),
|
|
.Sy \&kN
|
|
(next page),
|
|
.Sy \&kP
|
|
(previous page),
|
|
.Sy \&kF
|
|
(scroll forward/down),
|
|
.Sy \&kR
|
|
(scroll backward/up), and
|
|
.Sy \&kT
|
|
(set a tab stop in this column).
|
|
In addition, if the keypad has a 3 by 3 array of keys
|
|
including the four arrow keys, then the other five keys can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&K1 ,
|
|
.Sy \&K2 ,
|
|
.Sy \&K3 ,
|
|
.Sy \&K4 ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&K5 .
|
|
These keys are useful when the effects of a 3 by 3 directional pad are needed.
|
|
The obsolete
|
|
.Sy \&ko
|
|
capability formerly used to describe
|
|
.Dq other
|
|
function keys has been
|
|
completely supplanted by the above capabilities.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Sy \&ma
|
|
entry is also used to indicate arrow keys on terminals that have
|
|
single-character arrow keys.
|
|
It is obsolete but still in use in
|
|
version 2 of
|
|
.Sy \&vi
|
|
which must be run on some minicomputers due to
|
|
memory limitations.
|
|
This field is redundant with
|
|
.Sy \&kl ,
|
|
.Sy \&kr ,
|
|
.Sy \&ku ,
|
|
.Sy \&kd ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&kh .
|
|
It consists of groups of two characters.
|
|
In each group, the first character is what an arrow key sends, and the
|
|
second character is the corresponding
|
|
.Sy \&vi
|
|
command.
|
|
These commands are
|
|
.Ar h
|
|
for
|
|
.Sy \&kl ,
|
|
.Ar j
|
|
for
|
|
.Sy \&kd ,
|
|
.Ar k
|
|
for
|
|
.Sy \&ku ,
|
|
.Ar l
|
|
for
|
|
.Sy \&kr ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Ar H
|
|
for
|
|
.Sy \&kh .
|
|
For example, the Mime would have
|
|
.Dq Li ma=^Hh^Kj^Zk^Xl
|
|
indicating arrow keys left (^H), down (^K), up (^Z), and right (^X).
|
|
(There is no home key on the Mime.)
|
|
.Ss Tabs and Initialization
|
|
If the terminal needs to be in a special mode when running
|
|
a program that uses these capabilities,
|
|
the codes to enter and exit this mode can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&ti
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&te .
|
|
This arises, for example, from terminals like the Concept with more than
|
|
one page of memory.
|
|
If the terminal has only memory-relative cursor addressing and not
|
|
screen-relative cursor addressing,
|
|
a screen-sized window must be fixed into
|
|
the display for cursor addressing to work properly.
|
|
This is also used for the Tektronix 4025, where
|
|
.Sy \&ti
|
|
sets the command character to be the one used by
|
|
.Nm termcap .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Other capabilities
|
|
include
|
|
.Sy \&is ,
|
|
an initialization string for the terminal,
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&if ,
|
|
the name of a file containing long initialization strings.
|
|
These strings are expected to set the terminal into modes
|
|
consistent with the rest of the
|
|
.Nm termcap
|
|
description.
|
|
They are normally sent to the terminal by the
|
|
.Xr tset
|
|
program each time the user logs in.
|
|
They will be printed in the following order:
|
|
.Sy \&is ;
|
|
setting tabs using
|
|
.Sy \&ct
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&st ;
|
|
and finally
|
|
.Sy \&if .
|
|
.Pf ( Xr Terminfo
|
|
uses
|
|
.Sy \&i\&1-i2
|
|
instead of
|
|
.Sy \&is
|
|
and runs the program
|
|
.Sy \&iP
|
|
and prints
|
|
.Sy "\&i\&3"
|
|
after the other initializations.)
|
|
A pair of sequences that does a harder reset from a totally unknown state
|
|
can be analogously given as
|
|
.Sy \&rs
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&if .
|
|
These strings are output by the
|
|
.Xr reset
|
|
program, which is used when the terminal gets into a wedged state.
|
|
.Pf ( Xr Terminfo
|
|
uses
|
|
.Sy "\&r1-r3"
|
|
instead of
|
|
.Sy \&rs . )
|
|
Commands are normally placed in
|
|
.Sy \&rs
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&rf
|
|
only if they produce annoying effects on the screen and are not necessary
|
|
when logging in.
|
|
For example, the command to set the VT100 into 80-column mode
|
|
would normally be part of
|
|
.Sy \&is ,
|
|
but it causes an annoying glitch of the screen and is not normally needed
|
|
since the terminal is usually already in 80-column mode.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the terminal has hardware tabs,
|
|
the command to advance to the next tab stop can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&ta
|
|
(usually
|
|
.Sy \&^I ) .
|
|
A
|
|
.Dq backtab
|
|
command which moves leftward to the previous tab stop
|
|
can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&bt .
|
|
By convention,
|
|
if the terminal driver modes indicate that tab stops are being expanded
|
|
by the computer rather than being sent to the terminal,
|
|
programs should not use
|
|
.Sy \&ta
|
|
or
|
|
.Sy \&bt
|
|
even if they are present,
|
|
since the user may not have the tab stops properly set.
|
|
If the terminal has hardware tabs that are initially set every
|
|
.Ar n
|
|
positions when the terminal is powered up, then the numeric parameter
|
|
.Sy \&it
|
|
is given, showing the number of positions between tab stops.
|
|
This is normally used by the
|
|
.Xr tset
|
|
command to determine whether to set the driver mode for hardware tab
|
|
expansion, and whether to set the tab stops.
|
|
If the terminal has tab stops that can be saved in nonvolatile memory, the
|
|
.Nm termcap
|
|
description can assume that they are properly set.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If there are commands to set and clear tab stops, they can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&ct
|
|
(clear all tab stops) and
|
|
.Sy \&st
|
|
(set a tab stop in the current column of every row).
|
|
If a more complex sequence is needed to set the tabs than can be
|
|
described by this, the sequence can be placed in
|
|
.Sy \&is
|
|
or
|
|
.Sy \&if .
|
|
.Ss Delays
|
|
Certain capabilities control padding in the terminal driver.
|
|
These are primarily needed by hardcopy terminals and are used by the
|
|
.Xr tset
|
|
program to set terminal driver modes appropriately.
|
|
Delays embedded in the capabilities
|
|
.Sy \&cr ,
|
|
.Sy \&sf ,
|
|
.Sy \&le ,
|
|
.Sy \&ff ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&ta
|
|
will cause the appropriate delay bits to be set in the terminal driver.
|
|
If
|
|
.Sy \&pb
|
|
(padding baud rate) is given, these values can be ignored at baud rates
|
|
below the value of
|
|
.Sy \&pb .
|
|
For
|
|
.Bx 4.2
|
|
.Xr tset ,
|
|
the delays are given as numeric capabilities
|
|
.Sy \&dC ,
|
|
.Sy \&dN ,
|
|
.Sy \&dB ,
|
|
.Sy \&dF ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&dT
|
|
instead.
|
|
.Ss Miscellaneous
|
|
If the terminal requires other than a
|
|
.Dv NUL
|
|
(zero) character as a pad,
|
|
this can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&pc .
|
|
Only the first character of the
|
|
.Sy \&pc
|
|
string is used.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the terminal has commands to save and restore the position of the
|
|
cursor, give them as
|
|
.Sy \&sc
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&rc .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the terminal has an extra
|
|
.Dq status line
|
|
that is not normally used by
|
|
software, this fact can be indicated.
|
|
If the status line is viewed as an extra line below the bottom line,
|
|
then the capability
|
|
.Sy \&hs
|
|
should be given.
|
|
Special strings to go to a position in the status line and to return
|
|
from the status line can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&ts
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&fs .
|
|
.Pf ( Xr \&fs
|
|
must leave the cursor position in the same place that it was before
|
|
.Sy \&ts .
|
|
If necessary, the
|
|
.Sy \&sc
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&rc
|
|
strings can be included in
|
|
.Sy \&ts
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&fs
|
|
to get this effect.)
|
|
The capability
|
|
.Sy \&ts
|
|
takes one parameter, which is the column number of the status line
|
|
to which the cursor is to be moved.
|
|
If escape sequences and other special commands such as tab work while in
|
|
the status line, the flag
|
|
.Sy \&es
|
|
can be given.
|
|
A string that turns off the status line (or otherwise erases its contents)
|
|
should be given as
|
|
.Sy \&ds .
|
|
The status line is normally assumed to be the same width as the
|
|
rest of the screen,
|
|
.Em i.e . ,
|
|
.Sy \&co .
|
|
If the status line is a different width (possibly because the terminal
|
|
does not allow an entire line to be loaded), then its width in columns
|
|
can be indicated with the numeric parameter
|
|
.Sy \&ws .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the terminal can move up or down half a line, this can be
|
|
indicated with
|
|
.Sy \&hu
|
|
(half-line up) and
|
|
.Sy \&hd
|
|
(half-line down).
|
|
This is primarily useful for superscripts and subscripts on hardcopy
|
|
terminals.
|
|
If a hardcopy terminal can eject to the next page (form feed),
|
|
give this as
|
|
.Sy \&ff
|
|
(usually
|
|
.Sy \&^L ) .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If there is a command to repeat a given character a given number of times
|
|
(to save time transmitting a large number of identical characters),
|
|
this can be indicated with the parameterized string
|
|
.Sy \&rp .
|
|
The first parameter is the character to be repeated and the second is
|
|
the number of times to repeat it.
|
|
(This is a
|
|
.Xr terminfo
|
|
feature that is unlikely to be supported by a program that uses
|
|
.Nm termcap . )
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the terminal has a settable command character, such as the
|
|
Tektronix 4025, this can be indicated with
|
|
.Sy \&CC .
|
|
A prototype command character is chosen which is used in all capabilities.
|
|
This character is given in the
|
|
.Sy \&CC
|
|
capability to identify it.
|
|
The following convention is supported on some
|
|
.Ux
|
|
systems:
|
|
The environment is to be searched for a
|
|
.Ev \&CC
|
|
variable,
|
|
and if found,
|
|
all occurrences of the prototype character are replaced by the character
|
|
in the environment variable.
|
|
This use of the
|
|
.Ev \&CC
|
|
environment variable
|
|
is a very bad idea, as it conflicts with
|
|
.Xr make 1 .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Terminal descriptions that do not represent a specific kind of known
|
|
terminal, such as
|
|
.Em switch ,
|
|
.Em dialup ,
|
|
.Em patch ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Xr network ,
|
|
should include the
|
|
.Sy \&gn
|
|
(generic) capability so that programs can complain that they do not know
|
|
how to talk to the terminal.
|
|
(This capability does not apply to
|
|
.Em virtual
|
|
terminal descriptions for which the escape sequences are known.)
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the terminal uses xoff/xon
|
|
.Pq Tn DC3 Ns / Ns Tn DC1
|
|
handshaking for flow control, give
|
|
.Sy \&xo .
|
|
Padding information should still be included so that routines can make
|
|
better decisions about costs, but actual pad characters will not be
|
|
transmitted.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the terminal has a
|
|
.Dq meta key
|
|
which acts as a shift key, setting the
|
|
8th bit of any character transmitted, then this fact can be indicated with
|
|
.Sy \&km .
|
|
Otherwise, software will assume that the 8th bit is parity and it will
|
|
usually be cleared.
|
|
If strings exist to turn this
|
|
.Dq meta mode
|
|
on and off, they can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&mm
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&mo .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the terminal has more lines of memory than will fit on the screen at once,
|
|
the number of lines of memory can be indicated with
|
|
.Sy \&lm .
|
|
An explicit value of 0 indicates that the number of lines is not fixed,
|
|
but that there is still more memory than fits on the screen.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If the terminal is one of those supported by the
|
|
.Ux
|
|
system virtual
|
|
terminal protocol, the terminal number can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&vt .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Media copy strings which control an auxiliary printer
|
|
connected to the terminal can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&ps :
|
|
print the contents of the screen;
|
|
.Sy \&pf :
|
|
turn off the printer; and
|
|
.Sy \&po :
|
|
turn on the printer.
|
|
When the printer is on, all text sent to the terminal will be sent to the
|
|
printer.
|
|
It is undefined whether the text is also displayed on the terminal screen
|
|
when the printer is on.
|
|
A variation
|
|
.Sy \&pO
|
|
takes one parameter and leaves the printer on for as many characters as the
|
|
value of the parameter, then turns the printer off.
|
|
The parameter should not exceed 255.
|
|
All text, including
|
|
.Sy \&pf ,
|
|
is transparently passed to the printer while
|
|
.Sy \&pO
|
|
is in effect.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Strings to program function keys can be given as
|
|
.Sy \&pk ,
|
|
.Sy \&pl ,
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&px .
|
|
Each of these strings takes two parameters: the function key number
|
|
to program (from 0 to 9) and the string to program it with.
|
|
Function key numbers out of this range may program undefined keys
|
|
in a terminal-dependent manner.
|
|
The differences among the capabilities are that
|
|
.Sy \&pk
|
|
causes pressing the given key to be the same as the user typing the given
|
|
string;
|
|
.Sy \&pl
|
|
causes the string to be executed by the terminal in local mode;
|
|
and
|
|
.Sy \&px
|
|
causes the string to be transmitted to the computer.
|
|
Unfortunately, due to lack of a definition for string parameters in
|
|
.Nm termcap ,
|
|
only
|
|
.Xr terminfo
|
|
supports these capabilities.
|
|
.Ss Glitches and Braindamage
|
|
Hazeltine terminals, which do not allow `~' characters to be displayed,
|
|
should indicate
|
|
.Sy \&hz .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Sy \&nc
|
|
capability, now obsolete, formerly indicated Datamedia terminals,
|
|
which echo
|
|
.Sy \&\er \en
|
|
for
|
|
carriage return then ignore a following linefeed.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Terminals that ignore a linefeed immediately after an
|
|
.Sy \&am
|
|
wrap, such as the Concept, should indicate
|
|
.Sy \&xn .
|
|
.Pp
|
|
If
|
|
.Sy \&ce
|
|
is required to get rid of standout
|
|
(instead of merely writing normal text on top of it),
|
|
.Sy \&xs
|
|
should be given.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Teleray terminals, where tabs turn all characters moved over to blanks,
|
|
should indicate
|
|
.Sy \&xt
|
|
(destructive tabs).
|
|
This glitch is also taken to mean that it is not possible
|
|
to position the cursor on top of a \*(lqmagic cookie\*(rq, and that
|
|
to erase standout mode it is necessary to use delete and insert line.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The Beehive Superbee, which is unable to correctly transmit the
|
|
.Dv ESC
|
|
or
|
|
.Sy \&^C
|
|
characters, has
|
|
.Sy \&xb ,
|
|
indicating that the
|
|
.Dq \&f\&1
|
|
key is used for
|
|
.Dv ESC
|
|
and
|
|
.Dq \&f\&2
|
|
for ^C.
|
|
(Only certain Superbees have this problem, depending on the
|
|
.Tn ROM . )
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Other specific terminal problems may be corrected by adding more
|
|
capabilities of the form
|
|
.Sy x Em x .
|
|
.Ss Similar Terminals
|
|
If there are two very similar terminals,
|
|
one can be defined as being just like the other with certain exceptions.
|
|
The string capability
|
|
.Sy \&tc
|
|
can be given
|
|
with the name of the similar terminal.
|
|
This capability must be
|
|
.Em last ,
|
|
and the combined length of the entries
|
|
must not exceed 1024.
|
|
The capabilities given before
|
|
.Sy \&tc
|
|
override those in the terminal type invoked by
|
|
.Sy \&tc .
|
|
A capability can be canceled by placing
|
|
.Sy \&xx@
|
|
to the left of the
|
|
.Sy \&tc
|
|
invocation, where
|
|
.Sy \&xx
|
|
is the capability.
|
|
For example, the entry
|
|
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
|
hn\||\|2621\-nl:ks@:ke@:tc=2621:
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
defines a
|
|
.Dq 2621\-nl
|
|
that does not have the
|
|
.Sy \&ks
|
|
or
|
|
.Sy \&ke
|
|
capabilities,
|
|
hence does not turn on the function key labels when in visual mode.
|
|
This is useful for different modes for a terminal, or for different
|
|
user preferences.
|
|
.Sh FILES
|
|
.Bl -tag -width /usr/share/misc/termcap.db -compact
|
|
.It Pa /usr/share/misc/termcap
|
|
File containing terminal descriptions.
|
|
.It Pa /usr/share/misc/termcap.db
|
|
Hash database file containing terminal descriptions (see
|
|
.Xr cap_mkdb 1 ) .
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr \&ex 1 ,
|
|
.Xr cap_mkdb 1 ,
|
|
.Xr more 1 ,
|
|
.Xr tset 1 ,
|
|
.Xr \&ul 1 ,
|
|
.Xr vi 1 ,
|
|
.Xr curses 3 ,
|
|
.Xr printf 3 ,
|
|
.Xr termcap 3 ,
|
|
.Xr term 7
|
|
.Sh CAVEATS AND BUGS
|
|
The
|
|
.Em Note :
|
|
.Nm termcap
|
|
functions
|
|
were replaced by
|
|
.Xr terminfo
|
|
in
|
|
.At V
|
|
Release 2.0.
|
|
The transition will be relatively painless if capabilities flagged as
|
|
.Dq obsolete
|
|
are avoided.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Lines and columns are now stored by the kernel as well as in the termcap
|
|
entry.
|
|
Most programs now use the kernel information primarily; the information
|
|
in this file is used only if the kernel does not have any information.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
.Xr \&Vi
|
|
allows only 256 characters for string capabilities, and the routines
|
|
in
|
|
.Xr termcap 3
|
|
do not check for overflow of this buffer.
|
|
The total length of a single entry (excluding only escaped newlines)
|
|
may not exceed 1024.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Not all programs support all entries.
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
file format appeared in
|
|
.Bx 3 .
|