368 lines
11 KiB
Groff
368 lines
11 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: newfs.8,v 1.42 2002/04/06 05:57:17 dsainty Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1983, 1987, 1991, 1993, 1994
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)newfs.8 8.6 (Berkeley) 5/3/95
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.\"
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.Dd February 20, 2002
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.Dt NEWFS 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm newfs
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.Nd construct a new file system
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm ""
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.Op Fl B Ar byte-order
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.Op Fl FINOZ
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.Op Fl S Ar sector-size
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.Op Fl T Ar disk-type
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.Op Fl a Ar maxcontig
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.Op Fl b Ar block-size
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.Op Fl c Ar cpg
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.Op Fl d Ar rotdelay
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.Op Fl e Ar maxbpg
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.Op Fl f Ar frag-size
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.Op Fl g Ar avgfilesize
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.Op Fl h Ar avgfpdir
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.Op Fl i Ar bytes-per-inode
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.Op Fl k Ar skew
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.Op Fl l Ar interleave
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.Op Fl m Ar free-space
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.Op Fl n Ar rotational-positions
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.Op Fl o Ar optimization
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.Op Fl p Ar track-spares
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.Op Fl r Ar revolutions
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.Op Fl s Ar size
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.Op Fl t Ar ntracks
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.Op Fl u Ar nsectors
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.Op Fl x Ar sectors
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.Ar special
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm
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is used to initialize and clear file systems before first use.
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Before running
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.Nm
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the disk must be labeled using
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.Xr disklabel 8 .
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.Nm
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builds a file system on the specified special device
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basing its defaults on the information in the disk label.
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Typically the defaults are reasonable, however
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.Nm
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has numerous options to allow the defaults to be selectively overridden.
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.Pp
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Options with numeric arguments may contain an optional (case-insensitive)
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suffix:
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.Bl -tag -width 3n -offset indent -compact
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.It b
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Bytes; causes no modification. (Default)
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.It k
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Kilo; multiply the argument by 1024
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.It m
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Mega; multiply the argument by 1048576
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.It g
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Giga; multiply the argument by 1073741824
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.El
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.Pp
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The following options define the general layout policies.
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.Bl -tag -width Fl
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.It Fl B Ar byte-order
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Specify the metadata byte order of the file system to be created.
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Valid byte orders are `be' and `le'.
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If no byte order is specified, the file system is created in host
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byte order.
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.It Fl F
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Create a file system image in
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.Ar special .
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The file system size needs to be specified with
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.Dq Fl s Ar size .
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No attempts to use or update the disk label will be made.
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.It Fl I
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Do not require that the file system type listed in the disk label is
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.Ql 4.2BSD .
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.It Fl N
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Causes the file system parameters to be printed out
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without really creating the file system.
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.It Fl O
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Creates a
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.Bx 4.3
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format file system.
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This option is primarily used to build root file systems
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that can be understood by older boot ROMs.
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.It Fl T Ar disk-type
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Uses information for the specified disk from
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.Pa /etc/disktab
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instead of trying to get the information from the disk label.
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.It Fl Z
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Pre-zeros the file system image created with
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.Fl F .
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This is necessary if the image is to be used by
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.Xr vnd 4
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(which doesn't support file systems with
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.Sq holes ) .
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.It Fl a Ar maxcontig
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This specifies the maximum number of contiguous blocks that will be
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laid out before forcing a rotational delay (see the
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.Fl d
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option).
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The default value is 8.
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See
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.Xr tunefs 8
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for more details on how to set this option.
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.It Fl b Ar block-size
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The block size of the file system, in bytes.
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It must be a power of two.
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The smallest allowable size is 4096 bytes.
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The default size depends upon the size of the file system:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "file system size" -compact -offset indent
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.It Sy "file system size"
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.Ar block-size
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.It \&\*[Lt] 20 MB
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4 KB
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.It \&\*[Lt] 1024 MB
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8 KB
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.It \&\*[Gt]\&= 1024 MB
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16 KB
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.El
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.It Fl c Ar cpg
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The number of cylinders per cylinder group in a file system.
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The default is to compute the maximum allowed by the other parameters.
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This value is dependent on a number of other parameters, in particular
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the block size and the number of bytes per inode.
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.It Fl d Ar rotdelay
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This specifies the expected time (in milliseconds) to service a transfer
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completion interrupt and initiate a new transfer on the same disk.
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The default is 0 milliseconds.
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See
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.Xr tunefs 8
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for more details on how to set this option.
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.ne 1i
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.It Fl e Ar maxbpg
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This indicates the maximum number of blocks any single file can
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allocate out of a cylinder group before it is forced to begin
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allocating blocks from another cylinder group.
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The default is about one quarter of the total blocks in a cylinder group.
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See
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.Xr tunefs 8
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for more details on how to set this option.
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.It Fl f Ar frag-size
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The fragment size of the file system in bytes.
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It must be a power of two ranging in value between
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.Ar block-size Ns /8
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and
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.Ar block-size .
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The optimal
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.Ar block-size Ns : Ns Ar frag-size
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ratio is 8:1.
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Other ratios are possible, but are not recommended,
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and may produce unpredictable results.
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The default size depends upon the size of the file system:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "file system size" -compact -offset indent
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.It Sy "file system size"
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.Ar frag-size
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.It \&\*[Lt] 20 MB
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0.5 KB
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.It \&\*[Lt] 1024 MB
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1 KB
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.It \&\*[Gt]\&= 1024 MB
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2 KB
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.El
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.It Fl g Ar avgfilesize
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The expected average file size for the file system.
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.It Fl h Ar avgfpdir
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The expected average number of files per directory on the file system.
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.It Fl i Ar bytes-per-inode
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This specifies the density of inodes in the file system.
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If fewer inodes are desired, a larger number should be used;
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to create more inodes a smaller number should be given.
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The default is to create an inode for every
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.Pq 4 * Ar frag-size
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bytes of data space:
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.Pp
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.Bl -tag -width "file system size" -compact -offset indent
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.It Sy "file system size"
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.Ar bytes-per-inode
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.It \&\*[Lt] 20 MB
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2 KB
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.It \&\*[Lt] 1024 MB
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4 KB
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.It \&\*[Gt]\&= 1024 MB
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8 KB
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.El
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.It Fl m Ar free-space
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The percentage of space reserved from normal users; the minimum free
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space threshold.
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The default value used is 5%.
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See
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.Xr tunefs 8
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for more details on how to set this option.
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.It Fl n Ar rotational-positions
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Determines how many rotational time slots there are in
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one revolution of the disk.
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.It Fl o Ar optimization
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Optimization preference; either
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.Dq space
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or
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.Dq time .
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The file system can either be instructed to try to minimize the time spent
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allocating blocks, or to try to minimize the space fragmentation on the disk.
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If the value of minfree (see above) is less than 5%,
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the default is to optimize for space;
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if the value of minfree is greater than or equal to 5%,
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the default is to optimize for time.
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See
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.Xr tunefs 8
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for more details on how to set this option.
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.It Fl s Ar size
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The size of the file system in sectors.
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An
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.Sq s
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suffix will be interpreted as the number of sectors (the default).
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All other suffixes are interpreted as per other numeric arguments,
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except that the number is converted into sectors by dividing by the
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sector size (as specified by
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.Fl S Ar secsize )
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after suffix interpretation.
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.El
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.Pp
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The following options override the standard sizes for the disk geometry.
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Their default values are taken from the disk label.
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Changing these defaults is useful only when using
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.Nm
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to build a file system whose raw image will eventually be used on a
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different type of disk than the one on which it is initially created
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(for example on a write-once disk).
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Note that changing any of these values from their defaults will make
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it impossible for
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.Xr fsck_ffs 8
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to find the alternative superblocks if the standard superblock is lost.
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.Bl -tag -width Fl
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.It Fl S Ar sector-size
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The size of a sector in bytes (almost never anything but 512).
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Defaults to 512.
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.It Fl k Ar skew
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Sector \&0 skew, per track.
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Used to describe perturbations in the media format to compensate for
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a slow controller.
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Track skew is the offset of sector 0 on track N relative to sector 0
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on track N-1 on the same cylinder.
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.It Fl l Ar interleave
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Hardware sector interleave.
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Used to describe perturbations in the media format to compensate for
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a slow controller.
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Interleave is physical sector interleave on each track,
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specified as the denominator of the ratio:
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.Dl sectors read/sectors passed over
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Thus an interleave of 1/1 implies contiguous layout, while 1/2 implies
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logical sector 0 is separated by one sector from logical sector 1.
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.It Fl p Ar track-spares
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Spare sectors per track.
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Spare sectors (bad sector replacements) are physical sectors that occupy
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space at the end of each track.
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They are not counted as part of the sectors per track
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.Pq Fl u
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since they are not available to the file system for data allocation.
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.It Fl r Ar revolutions
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The speed of the disk in revolutions per minute.
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.ne 1i
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.It Fl t Ar ntracks
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The number of tracks per cylinder available for data allocation by the file
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system.
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.It Fl u Ar nsectors
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The number of sectors per track available for data allocation by the file
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system.
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This does not include sectors reserved at the end of each track for bad
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block replacement (see the
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.Fl p
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option).
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.It Fl x Ar spare-sectors-per-cylinder
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Spare sectors (bad sector replacements) are physical sectors that occupy
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space at the end of the last track in the cylinder.
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They are deducted from the sectors per track
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.Pq Fl u
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of the last track of each cylinder since they are not available to the file
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system for data allocation.
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.El
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.Sh NOTES
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If the file system will be exported over NFS, the
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.Xr fsirand 8
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utility should be run after
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.Nm
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to improve security.
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.Pp
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The owner and group ids of the root node of the new file system
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are set to the effective uid and gid of the user initializing
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the file system.
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.Pp
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For the
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.Nm
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command to succeed,
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the disk label should first be updated such that the fstype field for the
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partition is set to
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.Ql 4.2BSD ,
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unless
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.Fl F
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or
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.Fl I
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is used.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr disktab 5 ,
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.Xr fs 5 ,
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.Xr disklabel 8 ,
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.Xr diskpart 8 ,
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.Xr dumpfs 8 ,
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.\" .Xr format 8 ,
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.Xr fsck_ffs 8 ,
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.Xr fsirand 8 ,
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.Xr mount 8 ,
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.Xr mount_mfs 8 ,
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.Xr tunefs 8
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.Rs
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.%A M. McKusick
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.%A W. Joy
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.%A S. Leffler
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.%A R. Fabry
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.%T A Fast File System for UNIX ,
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.%J ACM Transactions on Computer Systems 2
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.%V 3
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.%P pp 181-197
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.%D August 1984
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.%O (reprinted in the BSD System Manager's Manual)
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.Re
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Nm
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command appeared in
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.Bx 4.2 .
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