782 lines
21 KiB
Groff
782 lines
21 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: gpt.8,v 1.63 2018/05/01 21:16:02 kre Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 2002 Marcel Moolenaar
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\"
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
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.\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
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.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
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.\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
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.\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
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.\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
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.\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
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.\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" $FreeBSD: src/sbin/gpt/gpt.8,v 1.17 2006/06/22 22:22:32 marcel Exp $
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.\"
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.Dd May 1, 2018
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.Dt GPT 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm gpt
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.Nd GUID partition table maintenance utility
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl nrqv
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.Op Fl m Ar mediasize
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.Op Fl s Ar sectorsize
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.Op Fl T Ar timestamp
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.Ar command
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.Op Ar command_options
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.Ar device
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.Nm
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.Ar set
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.Fl l
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.Nm
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.Ar unset
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.Fl l
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.Nm
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.Ar type
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.Fl l
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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utility provides the necessary functionality to manipulate GUID partition
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tables
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.Pq GPTs ,
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but see
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.Sx BUGS
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below for how and where functionality is missing.
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The basic usage model of the
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.Nm
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tool follows that of the
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.Xr cvs 1
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tool.
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The general options are described in the following paragraph.
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The remaining paragraphs describe the individual commands with their options.
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Here we conclude by mentioning that a
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.Ar device
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is either a special file
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corresponding to a disk-like device or a regular file.
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The command is applied to each
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.Ar device
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listed on the command line.
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.Ss General Options
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The general options allow the user to change default settings or otherwise
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change the behaviour that is applicable to all commands.
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Not all commands use all default settings, so some general options may not
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have an effect on all commands.
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.Bl -tag -width XXXX
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.It Fl m Ar mediasize
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Override the default media size for the device (obtained
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from the kernel if possible) or defaulting to the file size for
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plain files.
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.It Fl n
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Do not update the wedge information that
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.Nm
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changed.
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You need to use the
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.Xr dkctl 8
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command manually update the device's wedge configuration if you do that.
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.It Fl r
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Open the device for reading only.
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.Nm
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Currently this option is primarily useful for the
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.Ic show
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command, but the intent is to use it to implement dry-run behaviour.
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.It Fl q
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Do not print error messages.
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This is not implemented completely yet.
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.It Fl s Ar sectorsize
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Override the default sector size for the device (obtained
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from the kernel if possible) or
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.Dv 512
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for plain files.
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.It Fl T Ar timestamp
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Specify a timestamp to be used for uuid generation so that uuids
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are not random and can be consistent for reproducible builds.
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The timestamp can be a pathname, where the timestamps are derived from
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that file, a parseable date for parsedate(3) (this option is not
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yet available in the tools build), or an integer value interpreted
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as the number of seconds from the Epoch.
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.It Fl v
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Controls the verbosity level.
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The level increases with every occurrence of this option.
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There is no formalized definition of the different levels yet.
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.El
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.Ss Commands
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.\" ==== add ====
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.It Nm Ic add Oo Fl a Ar alignment Oc Oo Fl b Ar blocknr Oc \
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Oo Fl i Ar index Oc Oo Fl l Ar label Oc Oo Fl s Ar size Oc \
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Oo Fl t Ar type Oc
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The
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.Ic add
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command allows the user to add a new partition to an existing table.
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By default, it will create a UFS partition covering the first available block
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of an unused disk space.
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The command-specific options can be used to control this behaviour.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl a Ar alignment
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option allows the user to specify an alignment for the start and size.
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The alignment is given in bytes and may have a suffix to indicate its
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magnitude.
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.Nm
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will attempt to align the partition.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl b Ar blocknr
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option allows the user to specify the starting (beginning) sector number of
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the partition.
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The minimum sector number is 1, but has to fall inside an unused region of
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disk space that is covered by the GPT.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl i Ar index
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option allows the user to specify which (free) entry in the GPT table is to
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be used for the new partition.
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By default, the first free entry is selected.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl l Ar label
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option allows the user to specify a label for the partition.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl s Ar size
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option allows the user to specify the size of the partition.
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If there is no suffix, or the suffix is
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.Sq s
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or
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.Sq S
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then size is in sectors, otherwise size is in bytes which must be
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a multiple of the device's sector size.
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Accepted suffix units are
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.Sq b
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to denote bytes,
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.Sq k
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to denote kilobytes,
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.Sq m
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to denote megabytes and
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.Sq g
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to denote gigabytes.
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The minimum size is 1 sector.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl t Ar type
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option allows the user to specify the partition type.
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The type is given as an UUID, but
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.Nm
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accepts
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.Bl -tag -width "windows-reserved" -compact -offset indent
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.It Cm apple
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Apple HFS
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.It Cm apple-ufs
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Apple UFS
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.It Cm bios
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BIOS Boot
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.It Cm efi
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EFI System
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.It Cm fbsd-legacy
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.Fx
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legacy
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.It Cm fbsd-swap
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.Fx
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swap
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.It Cm fbsd-ufs
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.Fx
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UFS/UFS2
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.It Cm fbsd-vinum
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.Fx
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vinum
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.It Cm fbsd-zfs
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.Fx
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ZFS
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.It Cm linux-data
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Linux data
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.It Cm linux-raid
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Linux RAID
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.It Cm linux-swap
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Linux swap
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.It Cm linux-lvm
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Linux LVM
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.It Cm windows
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Windows basic data
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.It Cm windows-reserved
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Windows reserved
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.It Cm ccd
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.Nx
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ccd component
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.It Cm cgd
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.Nx
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Cryptographic Disk
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.It Cm ffs
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.Nx
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FFSv1/FFSv2
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.It Cm lfs
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.Nx
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LFS
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.It Cm raid
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.Nx
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RAIDFrame component
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.It Cm swap
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.Nx
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swap
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.El
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as aliases for the most commonly used partition types.
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.\" ==== backup ====
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.It Nm Ic backup Oo Fl o Ar outfile Oc
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The
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.Ic backup
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command dumps the MBR or (PMBR) and GPT partition tables to standard
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output or to a file specified by the
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.Ar outfile
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argument in a format to be used by the
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.Ic restore
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command.
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The format is a plist.
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It should not be modified.
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.\" ==== biosboot ====
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.It Nm Ic biosboot Oo Fl A Oc Oo Fl c Ar bootcode Oc Oo Fl i Ar index Oc \
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Oo Fl L Ar label Oc
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The
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.Ic biosboot
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command allows the user to configure the partition that contains the
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primary bootstrap program, used during
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.Xr boot 8 .
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl A
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options sets the PMBR partition active.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl c
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option allows the user to specify the filename that
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.Nm
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should read the bootcode from.
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The default is to read from
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.Pa /usr/mdec/gptmbr.bin .
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl i
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option selects the partition that should contain the primary
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bootstrap code, as installed via
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.Xr installboot 8 .
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The
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.Fl L
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option selects the partition by label.
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If there are multiple partitions with the same label, the
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first one found will be used.
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.\" ==== create ====
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.It Nm Ic create Oo Fl AfP Oc Oo Fl p Ar partitions Oc
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The
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.Ic create
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command allows the user to create a new (empty) GPT.
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By default, one cannot create a GPT when the device contains a MBR,
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however this can be overridden with the
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.Fl f
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option.
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If the
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.Fl f
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option is specified, an existing MBR is destroyed and any partitions
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described by the MBR are lost.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl A
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options sets the PMBR partition active.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl P
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option tells
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.Nm
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to create only the primary table and not the backup table.
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This option is only useful for debugging and should not be used otherwise.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl p
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option changes the default number of partitions the GPT can
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accommodate.
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This is used whenever a new GPT is created.
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By default, the
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.Nm
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utility will create space for 128 partitions (or 32 sectors of 512 bytes).
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.\" ==== destroy ====
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.It Nm Ic destroy Oo Fl r Oc
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The
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.Ic destroy
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command allows the user to destroy an existing, possibly not empty GPT.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl r
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option instructs
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.Nm
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to destroy the table in a way that it can be recovered.
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.\" ==== header ====
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.It Nm Ic header
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The
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.Ic header
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command displays size information about the media and information from the
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GPT header if it exists.
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.\" ==== label ====
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.It Nm Ic label Oo Fl a Oc Ao Fl f Ar file | Fl l Ar label Ac
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.It Nm Ic label Oo Fl b Ar blocknr Oc Oo Fl i Ar index Oc \
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Oo Fl L Ar label Oc Oo Fl s Ar sectors Oc Oo Fl t Ar type Oc \
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Ao Fl f Ar file | Fl l Ar label Ac
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The
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.Ic label
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command allows the user to label any partitions that match the selection.
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At least one of the following selection options must be specified.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl a
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option specifies that all partitions should be labeled.
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It is mutually exclusive with all other selection options.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl b Ar blocknr
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option selects the partition that starts at the given block number.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl i Ar index
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option selects the partition with the given partition number.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl L Ar label
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option selects all partitions that have the given label.
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This can cause multiple partitions to be relabeled.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl s Ar sectors
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option selects all partitions that have the given size.
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This can cause multiple partitions to be labeled.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl t Ar type
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option selects all partitions that have the given type.
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The type is given as an UUID or by the aliases that the
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.Ic add
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command accepts.
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This can cause multiple partitions to be labeled.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl f Ar file
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or
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.Fl l Ar label
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options specify the new label to be assigned to the selected partitions.
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The
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.Fl f Ar file
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option is used to read the label from the specified file.
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Only the first line is read from the file and the trailing newline
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character is stripped.
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If the file name is the dash or minus sign
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.Pq Fl ,
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the label is read from
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the standard input.
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The
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.Fl l Ar label
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option is used to specify the label in the command line.
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The label is assumed to be encoded in UTF-8.
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.\" ==== migrate ====
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.It Nm Ic migrate Oo Fl Afs Oc Oo Fl p Ar partitions Oc
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The
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.Ic migrate
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command allows the user to migrate an MBR-based disk partitioning into a
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GPT-based partitioning.
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By default, the MBR is not migrated when it contains partitions of an unknown
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type.
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This can be overridden with the
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.Fl f
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option.
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Specifying the
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.Fl f
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option will cause unknown partitions to be ignored and any data in it
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to be lost.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl A
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options sets the PMBR partition active.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl s
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option prevents migrating
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.Bx
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disk labels into GPT partitions by creating
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the GPT equivalent of a slice.
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Note that the
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.Fl s
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option is not applicable to
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.Nx
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partitions.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl p
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option changes the default number of partitions the GPT can
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accommodate.
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This is used whenever a new GPT is created.
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By default, the
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.Nm
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utility will create space for 128 partitions (or 32 sectors of 512 bytes).
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.Pp
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The
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.Ic migrate
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command requires space at the beginning and the end of the device outside
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any partitions to store the GPTs.
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Space is required for the GPT header
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.Pq which takes one sector
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and the GPT partition table.
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See the
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.Fl p
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option
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for the size of the GPT partition table.
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By default, just about all devices have a minimum of 62 sectors free at the
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beginning of the device, but do not have any free space at the end.
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For the default GPT partition table size on a 512 byte sector size device,
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33 sectors at the end of the device would need to be freed.
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.\" ==== recover ====
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.It Nm Ic recover
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The
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.Ic recover
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command tries to restore the GPT partition label from the backup
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near the end of the disk.
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It is very useful in case the primary label was deleted.
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.\" ==== remove ====
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.It Nm Ic remove Oo Fl a Oc
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.It Nm Ic remove Oo Fl b Ar blocknr Oc Oo Fl i Ar index Oc \
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Oo Fl L Ar label Oc Oo Fl s Ar sectors Oc Oo Fl t Ar type Oc
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The
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.Ic remove
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command allows the user to remove any and all partitions that match the
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selection.
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It uses the same selection options as the
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.Ic label
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command.
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See above for a description of these options.
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Partitions are removed by clearing the partition type.
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No other information is changed.
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.\" ==== resize ====
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.It Nm Ic resize Fl i Ar index Oo Fl a Ar alignment Oc \
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Oo Fl s Ar size Oc
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The
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.Ic resize
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command allows the user to resize a partition.
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The partition may be shrunk and if there is sufficient free space
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immediately after it then it may be expanded.
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The
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.Fl s
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option allows the new size to be specified, otherwise the partition will
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be increased to the maximum available size.
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If there is no suffix, or the suffix is
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.Sq s
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or
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.Sq S
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then size is in sectors, otherwise size is in bytes which must be
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a multiple of the device's sector size.
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Accepted suffix units are
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.Sq b
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to denote bytes,
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.Sq k
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to denote kilobytes,
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.Sq m
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to denote megabytes and
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.Sq g
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to denote gigabytes.
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The minimum size is 1 sector.
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If the
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.Fl a
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option is specified then the size will be adjusted to be a multiple of
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alignment if possible.
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.\" ==== resizedisk ====
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.It Nm Ic resizedisk Oo Fl s Ar size Oc
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The
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.Ic resizedisk
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command allows the user to resize a disk.
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With GPTs, a backup copy is stored at the end of the disk.
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If the underlying medium changes size
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.Pq or is going to change size ,
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then the backup copy needs to be moved to the new end of the disk,
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and the last sector available for data storage needs to be adjusted.
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This command does that.
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If the backup copy no longer exists due to the medium shrinking, then
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a new backup copy will be created using the primary copy.
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.Pp
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The
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.Fl s
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option allows the new size to be specified, otherwise the backup copy
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will automatically be placed at the current end of the disk.
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If there is no suffix, or the suffix is
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.Sq s
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or
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.Sq S
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then size is in sectors, otherwise size is in bytes which must be
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a multiple of the device's sector size.
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Accepted suffix units are
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.Sq b
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to denote bytes,
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.Sq k
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to denote kilobytes,
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.Sq m
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to denote megabytes and
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.Sq g
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to denote gigabytes.
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Using the
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.Fl s
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option allows you to move the backup copy prior to resizing the medium.
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This is primarily useful when shrinking the medium.
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.\" ==== restore ====
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.It Nm Ic restore Oo Fl F Oc Oo Fl i Ar infile Oc
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The
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.Ic restore
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command restores a partition table that was previously saved using the
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.Ic backup
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|
command.
|
|
The partition table is read from standard input or a file specified in
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the
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.Ar infile
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argument and is expected to be in the format of a plist.
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It assumes an empty disk.
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The
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.Fl F
|
|
option can be used to blank the disk.
|
|
The new disk does not have to be the same size as the old disk as long as all
|
|
the partitions fit, as
|
|
.Ic restore
|
|
will automatically adjust.
|
|
However, the new disk must use the same sector size as the old disk.
|
|
.\" ==== set ====
|
|
.It Nm Ic set Fl a Ar attribute Fl i Ar index
|
|
.It Nm Ic set Fl l
|
|
The
|
|
.Ic set
|
|
command sets various partition attributes.
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl l
|
|
flag lists all available attributes.
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl a
|
|
option specifies which attributes to set and may be specified more than once,
|
|
or the attributes can be comma-separated.
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl i
|
|
option specifies which entry to update.
|
|
The possible attributes are
|
|
.Do biosboot Dc ,
|
|
.Do bootme Dc ,
|
|
.Do bootonce Dc ,
|
|
.Do bootfailed Dc ,
|
|
.Do noblockio Dc , and
|
|
.Do required Dc .
|
|
The biosboot flag is used to indicate which partition should be booted
|
|
by legacy BIOS boot code.
|
|
See the
|
|
.Ic biosboot
|
|
command for more information.
|
|
The bootme flag is used to indicate which partition should be booted
|
|
by UEFI boot code.
|
|
The other attributes are for compatibility with
|
|
.Fx
|
|
and are not currently used by
|
|
.Nx .
|
|
They may be used by
|
|
.Nx
|
|
in the future.
|
|
.\" ==== show ====
|
|
.It Nm Ic show Oo Fl aglu Oc Oo Fl i Ar index Oc
|
|
The
|
|
.Ic show
|
|
command displays the current partitioning on the listed devices and gives
|
|
an overall view of the disk contents.
|
|
With the
|
|
.Fl g
|
|
option the GPT partition GUID will be displayed instead of the GPT partition
|
|
type.
|
|
With the
|
|
.Fl l
|
|
option the GPT partition label will be displayed instead of the GPT partition
|
|
type.
|
|
With the
|
|
.Fl u
|
|
option the GPT partition type is displayed as an UUID instead of in a
|
|
user friendly form.
|
|
With the
|
|
.Fl i
|
|
option, all the details of a particular GPT partition will be displayed.
|
|
The format of this display is subject to change.
|
|
With the
|
|
.Fl a
|
|
option, all information for all GPT partitions (just like with
|
|
.Fl i Ar index )
|
|
will be printed.
|
|
None of the options have any effect on non-GPT partitions.
|
|
The order of precedence for the options are:
|
|
.Fl a ,
|
|
.Fl i ,
|
|
.Fl l ,
|
|
.Fl g ,
|
|
.Fl u .
|
|
.\" ==== type ====
|
|
.It Nm Ic type Oo Fl a Oc Fl T Ar newtype
|
|
.It Nm Ic type Oo Fl b Ar blocknr Oc Oo Fl i Ar index Oc \
|
|
Oo Fl L Ar label Oc Oo Fl s Ar sectors Oc Oo Fl t Ar type Oc \
|
|
Fl T Ar newtype
|
|
.It Nm Ic type Fl l
|
|
The
|
|
.Ic type
|
|
command allows the user to change the type of any and all partitions
|
|
that match the selection.
|
|
It uses the same selection options as the
|
|
.Ic label
|
|
command.
|
|
See above for a description of these options.
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl l
|
|
flag lists available types.
|
|
.\" ==== unset ====
|
|
.It Nm Ic unset Fl a Ar attribute Fl i Ar index
|
|
.It Nm Ic unset Fl l
|
|
The
|
|
.Ic unset
|
|
command unsets various partition attributes.
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl l
|
|
flag lists all available attributes.
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl a
|
|
option specifies which attributes to unset and may be specified more than once.
|
|
The
|
|
.Fl i
|
|
option specifies which entry to update.
|
|
The possible attributes are
|
|
.Do biosboot Dc ,
|
|
.Do bootme Dc ,
|
|
.Do bootonce Dc ,
|
|
.Do bootfailed Dc ,
|
|
.Do noblockio Dc , and
|
|
.Do required Dc .
|
|
The biosboot flag is used to indicate which partition should be booted
|
|
by legacy BIOS boot code.
|
|
See the
|
|
.Ic biosboot
|
|
command for more information.
|
|
The other attributes are for compatibility with
|
|
.Fx
|
|
and are not currently used by any
|
|
.Nx
|
|
code.
|
|
They may be used by
|
|
.Nx
|
|
code in the future.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh EXIT STATUS
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
command exits with a failure status (1) when the header command
|
|
is used and no GPT header is found.
|
|
This can be used to check for the existence of a GPT in shell scripts.
|
|
.Sh EXAMPLES
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
nas# gpt show wd3
|
|
start size index contents
|
|
0 1 PMBR
|
|
1 3907029167
|
|
nas# gpt create wd3
|
|
nas# gpt show wd3
|
|
start size index contents
|
|
0 1 PMBR
|
|
1 1 Pri GPT header
|
|
2 32 Pri GPT table
|
|
34 3907029101
|
|
3907029135 32 Sec GPT table
|
|
3907029167 1 Sec GPT header
|
|
nas# gpt add -s 10486224 -t swap -i 1 wd3
|
|
nas# gpt label -i 1 -l swap_1 wd3
|
|
partition 1 on rwd3d labeled swap_1
|
|
nas# gpt show wd3
|
|
start size index contents
|
|
0 1 PMBR
|
|
1 1 Pri GPT header
|
|
2 32 Pri GPT table
|
|
34 10486224 1 GPT part - NetBSD swap
|
|
10486258 3896542877
|
|
3907029135 32 Sec GPT table
|
|
3907029167 1 Sec GPT header
|
|
nas# gpt show -l wd3
|
|
start size index contents
|
|
0 1 PMBR
|
|
1 1 Pri GPT header
|
|
2 32 Pri GPT table
|
|
34 10486224 1 GPT part - "swap_1"
|
|
10486258 3896542877
|
|
3907029135 32 Sec GPT table
|
|
3907029167 1 Sec GPT header
|
|
nas#
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Booting from GPT on an BIOS system.
|
|
This creates a bootable partition that can be manually installed to.
|
|
Note that
|
|
.Xr sysinst 8
|
|
does not yet properly support this setup.
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
xotica# gpt create wd1
|
|
xotica# gpt add -b 1024 -l bootroot -t ffs -s 1g wd1
|
|
/dev/rwd1: Partition 1 added: 49f48d5a-b10e-11dc-b99b-0019d1879648 1024 2097152
|
|
xotica ~# dmesg | tail -2
|
|
wd1: GPT GUID: 660e0630-0a3f-47c0-bc52-c88bcec79392
|
|
dk0 at wd1: "bootroot", 2097152 blocks at 1024, type: ffs
|
|
xotica# gpt biosboot -L bootroot wd1
|
|
xotica# newfs dk0
|
|
xotica# installboot /dev/rdk0 /usr/mdec/bootxx_ffsv1
|
|
xotica# mount /dev/dk0 /mnt
|
|
xotica# cp /usr/mdec/boot /mnt
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr boot 8 ,
|
|
.Xr dkctl 8 ,
|
|
.Xr fdisk 8 ,
|
|
.Xr installboot 8 ,
|
|
.Xr mount 8 ,
|
|
.Xr newfs 8 ,
|
|
.Xr swapctl 8
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility appeared in
|
|
.Fx 5.0
|
|
for ia64.
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility first appeared in
|
|
.Nx 5.0 .
|
|
.Sh BUGS
|
|
The development of the
|
|
.Nm
|
|
utility is still work in progress.
|
|
Many necessary features are missing or partially implemented.
|
|
In practice this means that the manual page, supposed to describe these
|
|
features, is farther removed from being complete or useful.
|
|
As such, missing functionality is not even documented as missing.
|
|
However, it is believed that the currently present functionality is reliable
|
|
and stable enough that this tool can be used without bullet-proof footware if
|
|
one thinks one does not make mistakes.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
It is expected that the basic usage model does not change, but it is
|
|
possible that future versions will not be compatible in the strictest sense
|
|
of the word.
|
|
Also, options primarily intended for diagnostic or debug purposes may be
|
|
removed in future versions.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Another possibility is that the current usage model is accompanied by
|
|
other interfaces to make the tool usable as a back-end.
|
|
This all depends on demand and thus feedback.
|