296 lines
9.4 KiB
Groff
296 lines
9.4 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: format.8,v 1.5 2000/10/05 12:35:33 ad Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1983, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" from: @(#)format.8 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
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.\"
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.TH FORMAT 8 "June 5, 1993"
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.UC 4
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.SH NAME
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format \- how to format disk packs
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.SH DESCRIPTION
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.PP
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There are two ways to format disk packs. The simplest is to
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use the
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.I format
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program. The alternative is to use the DEC standard formatting
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software which operates under the DEC diagnostic supervisor.
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This manual page describes the operation of
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.IR format ,
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then concludes with some remarks about using the DEC formatter.
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.PP
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.I Format
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is a standalone program used to
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format and check disks prior to constructing
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file systems.
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In addition to the formatting
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operation,
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.I format
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records any bad sectors encountered
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according to DEC standard 144.
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Formatting is performed one track at a
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time by writing the appropriate
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headers and a test pattern and then checking
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the sector by reading and verifying the pattern, using
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the controller's ECC for error detection.
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A sector is marked bad if an unrecoverable media
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error is detected, or if a correctable
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ECC error too many bits in length
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is detected (such errors are indicated as
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``ECC'' in the summary printed upon
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completing the format operation).
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After the entire disk
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has been formatted and checked,
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the total number of errors are reported,
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any bad sectors and skip sectors are marked,
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and a bad sector forwarding table
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is written to the disk in the first five
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even numbered sectors of the last track.
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It is also possible to reformat sections of the disk
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in units of tracks.
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.I Format
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may be used on any UNIBUS or MASSBUS drive
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supported by the \fIup\fP and \fIhp\fP device
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drivers which uses 4-byte headers (everything except RP's).
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.PP
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The test pattern used during the media check
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may be selected from one of: 0xf00f (RH750 worst case),
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0xec6d (media worst case), and 0xa5a5 (alternating
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1's and 0's).
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Normally the media worst case pattern is used.
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.PP
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.I Format
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also has an option to perform an extended \*(lqsevere burn-in,\*(rq
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which makes a number of passes using different patterns.
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The number of passes can be selected at run time,
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up to a maximum of 48,
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with provision for additional passes or termination
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after the preselected number of passes.
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This test runs for many hours, depending on the disk and processor.
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.PP
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Each time
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.I format
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is run to format an entire disk,
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a completely new bad sector table is generated
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based on errors encountered while formatting.
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The device driver, however, will always attempt to
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read any existing bad sector table when the device is
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first opened.
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Thus, if a disk pack has never previously been formatted,
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or has been formatted with different sectoring,
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five error messages will be printed when the driver attempts
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to read the bad sector table; these diagnostics should be ignored.
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.PP
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Formatting a 400 megabyte disk on a MASSBUS disk controller
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usually takes about 20 minutes.
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Formatting on a UNIBUS disk controller takes significantly
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longer.
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For every hundredth cylinder formatted
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.I format
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prints a message indicating the current cylinder being formatted.
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(This message is just to reassure people that nothing is
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is amiss.)
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.PP
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.I Format
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uses the standard notation of the standalone I/O library
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in identifying a drive to be formatted. A drive is
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specified as
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.IR zz ( x , y ),
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where
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.I zz
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refers to the controller type (either
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.I hp
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or
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.IR up ),
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.I x
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is the unit number of the drive;
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8 times the UNIBUS or MASSBUS
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adaptor number plus the MASSBUS drive number or UNIBUS
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drive unit number; and
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.I y
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is the file system partition
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on drive
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.I x
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(this should always be 0).
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For example, ``hp(1,0)'' indicates that drive
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1 on MASSBUS adaptor 0 should be formatted; while
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``up(10,0)'' indicates that UNIBUS drive 2 on UNIBUS adaptor 1
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should be formatted.
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.PP
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Before each formatting attempt,
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.I format
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prompts the user in case debugging should be enabled
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in the appropriate device driver. A carriage return
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disables debugging information.
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.PP
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.I Format
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should be used prior to building file systems (with
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.IR newfs (8))
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to ensure that all sectors with uncorrectable media errors
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are remapped. If a drive develops uncorrectable
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defects after formatting, either
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.IR bad144 (8)
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or
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.IR badsect (8)
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should be able to avoid the bad sectors.
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.SH EXAMPLE
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A sample run of
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.I format
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is shown below.
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In this example (using a VAX-11/780),
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.I format
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is loaded from the console floppy;
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on an 11/750
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.I format
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will be loaded from the root file system with
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.IR boot (8)
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following a \*(lqB/3\*(rq command.
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Boldface means user input.
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As usual, ``#'' and ``@'' may be used to edit input.
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.nf
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.in +0.5i
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.ta 1i
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.sp 1
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>>>\fBL FORMAT\fP
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LOAD DONE, 00004400 BYTES LOADED
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>>>\fBS 2\fP
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Disk format/check utility
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.sp
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Enable debugging (0=none, 1=bse, 2=ecc, 3=bse+ecc)? \fB0\fP
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Device to format? \fBhp(8,0)\fP
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(\fIerror messages may occur as old bad sector table is read\fP)
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Formatting drive hp0 on adaptor 1: verify (yes/no)? \fByes\fP
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Device data: #cylinders=842, #tracks=20, #sectors=48
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Starting cylinder (0):
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Starting track (0):
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Ending cylinder (841):
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Ending track (19):
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Available test patterns are:
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.in +1.0i
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1 - (f00f) RH750 worst case
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2 - (ec6d) media worst case
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3 - (a5a5) alternating 1's and 0's
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4 - (ffff) Severe burnin (up to 48 passes)
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.in -1.0i
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Pattern (one of the above, other to restart)? \fB2\fP
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Maximum number of bit errors to allow for soft ECC (3):
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Start formatting...make sure the drive is online
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...
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(\fIsoft ecc's and other errors are reported as they occur\fP)
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...
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(\fIif 4 write check errors were found, the program terminates like this...\fP)
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...
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Errors:
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Bad sector: 0
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Write check: 4
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Hard ECC: 0
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Other hard: 0
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Marked bad: 0
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Skipped: 0
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Total of 4 hard errors revectored.
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Writing bad sector table at block 808272
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(\fI808272 is the block # of the first block in the bad sector table\fP)
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Done
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(\fI...program restarts to allow formatting other disks\fP)
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(\fI...to abort halt machine with ^P\fP)
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.fi
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.sp 1
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.SH DIAGNOSTICS
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The diagnostics are intended to be self explanatory.
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.SH "USING DEC SOFTWARE TO FORMAT"
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.PP
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.B "Warning: These instructions are for people with 11/780 CPU's."
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The steps needed for 11/750 or 11/730 cpu's are similar, but not
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covered in detail here.
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.I
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.PP
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The formatting procedures are different for each type of disk. Listed
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here are the formatting procedures for RK07's, RP0X, and RM0X
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disks.
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.PP
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You should shut down UNIX and halt the machine to do any disk formatting.
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Make certain you put in the pack you want formatted. It is also a good idea
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to spin down or write protect the disks you don't want to format, just in case.
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.PP
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.B "Formatting an RK07."
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Load the console floppy labeled, "RX11 VAX DSK LD DEV #1" in
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the console disk drive, and type the following commands:
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.RS
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.nf
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>>>BOOT
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DIAGNOSTIC SUPERVISOR. ZZ-ESSAA-X5.0-119 23-JAN-1980 12:44:40.03
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DS>ATTACH DW780 SBI DW0 3 5
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DS>ATTACH RK611 DMA
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DS>ATTACH RK07 DW0 DMA0
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DS>SELECT DMA0
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DS>LOAD EVRAC
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DS>START/SEC:PACKINIT
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.fi
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.RE
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.PP
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.B "Formatting an RP0X."
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Follow the above procedures except that the
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ATTACH and SELECT lines should read:
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.RS
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.nf
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DS>ATTACH RH780 SBI RH0 8 5
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DS>ATTACH RP0X RH0 DBA0 (RP0X is, e.g. RP06)
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DS>SELECT DBA0
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.fi
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.RE
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.PP
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This is for drive 0 on mba0; use 9 instead of 8 for mba1, etc.
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.PP
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.B "Formatting an RM0X."
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Follow the above procedures except that the
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ATTACH and SELECT lines should read:
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.RS
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.nf
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DS>ATTACH RH780 SBI RH0 8 5
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DS>ATTACH RM0X RH0 DRA0
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DS>SELECT DRA0
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.fi
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.RE
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.PP
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Don't forget to put your UNIX console floppy back
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in the floppy disk drive.
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.SH SEE ALSO
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bad144(8),
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badsect(8),
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newfs(8)
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.SH BUGS
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An equivalent facility should be available which operates under
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a running UNIX system.
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.PP
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It should be possible to reformat or verify part or all of a disk,
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then update the existing bad sector table.
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