287 lines
8.7 KiB
Groff
287 lines
8.7 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (C) 1995, 1996, 1997, and 1998 WIDE Project.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the project nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE PROJECT AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE PROJECT OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" $NetBSD: inet6.4,v 1.5 1999/07/17 06:57:59 itojun Exp $
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.\" KAME Id: inet6.4,v 1.1.2.2 1999/07/03 05:20:58 itojun Exp
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.\"
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.Dd January 29, 1999
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.Dt INET6 4
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm inet6
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.Nd Internet protocol version 6 family
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Fd #include <sys/types.h>
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.Fd #include <netinet/in.h>
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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The
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.Nm
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family is an updated version of
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.Xr inet 4
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family.
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While
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.Xr inet 4
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implements Internet Protocol version 4,
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.Nm
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implements Internet Protocol version 6.
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.Pp
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.Nm
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is a collection of protocols layered atop the
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.Em Internet Protocol version 6
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.Pq Tn IPv6
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transport layer, and utilizing the IPv6 address format.
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The
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.Nm
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family provides protocol support for the
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.Dv SOCK_STREAM , SOCK_DGRAM ,
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and
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.Dv SOCK_RAW
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socket types; the
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.Dv SOCK_RAW
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interface provides access to the
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.Tn IPv6
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protocol.
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.Sh ADDRESSING
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IPv6 addresses are 16 byte quantities, stored in network standard format
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The include file
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.Aq Pa netinet/in.h
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defines this address
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as a discriminated union.
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.Pp
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Sockets bound to the
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.Nm
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family utilize the following addressing structure,
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.Bd -literal -offset indent
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struct sockaddr_in6 {
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u_char sin6_len;
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u_char sin6_family;
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u_int16_t sin6_port;
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u_int32_t sin6_flowinfo;
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struct in6_addr sin6_addr;
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u_int32_t sin6_scope_id;
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};
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.Ed
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.Pp
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Sockets may be created with the local address
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.Dq Dv ::
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.Po
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which is equal to IPv6 address
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.Dv 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
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.Pc
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to effect
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.Dq wildcard
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matching on incoming messages.
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The address in a
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.Xr connect 2
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or
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.Xr sendto 2
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call may be given as
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.Dq Dv ::
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to mean
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.Dq this host .
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.Dq Dv ::
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can be obtained by setting
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.Dv sin6_addr
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field into 0, or by using the address contained in variable
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.Dv in6addr_any .
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.Pp
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IPv6 defines scoped address such as link-local or site-local address.
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To manipulate link-local addresses properly from the userland,
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programs must use advanced API defined in RFC2292.
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Otherwise, the address is ambiguous to the kernel and error will be generated.
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Scoped address is not for daily use at this moment both from specification
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and implementation point of view.
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Most of normal userland program
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like
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.Xr telnet 1
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or
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.Xr telnetd 8
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cannot handle scoped address properly.
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Only special programs,
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like
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.Xr ping6 8 ,
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supports scoped address.
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For example,
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.Xr ping6 8
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has special option for specifying outgoing interface
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to disambiguate scoped addresses.
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.Pp
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Scoped addresses are handled specially in the kernel.
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Scoped addresses will have its interface index embedded into the address,
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in routing table or interface structure.
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Therefore,
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the address on some of the kernel structure is not the same as that on the wire.
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The embedded index will be visible on
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.Dv PF_ROUTE
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socket and results from
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.Xr ifconfig 8 ,
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HOWEVER, users should never use the embedded form.
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For details please consult
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.Pa sys/netinet6/IMPLEMENTATION .
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.Sh PROTOCOLS
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The
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.Nm
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family is comprised of the
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.Tn IPv6
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network protocol, Internet Control
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Message Protocol version 6
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.Pq Tn ICMPv6 ,
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Transmission Control Protocol
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.Pq Tn TCP ,
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and User Datagram Protocol
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.Pq Tn UDP .
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.Tn TCP
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is used to support the
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.Dv SOCK_STREAM
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abstraction while
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.Tn UDP
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is used to support the
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.Dv SOCK_DGRAM
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abstraction.
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Note that
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.Tn TCP
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and
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.Tn UDP
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are common to
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.Xr inet 4
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and
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.Nm inet6 .
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A raw interface to
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.Tn IPv6
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is available
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by creating an Internet socket of type
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.Dv SOCK_RAW .
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The
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.Tn ICMPv6
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message protocol is accessible from a raw socket.
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.\" .Pp
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.\" The 128-bit IPv6 address contains both network and host parts.
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.\" However, direct examination of addresses is discouraged.
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.\" For those programs which absolutely need to break addresses
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.\" into their component parts, the following
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.\" .Xr ioctl 2
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.\" commands are provided for a datagram socket in the
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.\" .Nm
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.\" domain; they have the same form as the
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.\" .Dv SIOCIFADDR
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.\" command (see
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.\" .Xr intro 4 ) .
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.\" .Pp
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.\" .Bl -tag -width SIOCSIFNETMASK
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.\" .It Dv SIOCSIFNETMASK
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.\" Set interface network mask.
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.\" The network mask defines the network part of the address;
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.\" if it contains more of the address than the address type would indicate,
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.\" then subnets are in use.
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.\" .It Dv SIOCGIFNETMASK
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.\" Get interface network mask.
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.\" .El
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.\" .Sh ROUTING
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.\" The current implementation of Internet protocols includes some routing-table
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.\" adaptations to provide enhanced caching of certain end-to-end
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.\" information necessary for Transaction TCP and Path MTU Discovery. The
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.\" following changes are the most significant:
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.\" .Bl -enum
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.\" .It
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.\" All IP routes, except those with the
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.\" .Dv RTF_CLONING
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.\" flag and those to multicast destinations, have the
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.\" .Dv RTF_PRCLONING
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.\" flag forcibly enabled (they are thus said to be
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.\" .Dq "protocol cloning" ).
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.\" .It
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.\" When the last reference to an IP route is dropped, the route is
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.\" examined to determine if it was created by cloning such a route. If
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.\" this is the case, the
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.\" .Dv RTF_PROTO3
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.\" flag is turned on, and the expiration timer is initialized to go off
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.\" in net.inet.ip.rtexpire seconds. If such a route is re-referenced,
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.\" the flag and expiration timer are reset.
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.\" .It
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.\" A kernel timeout runs once every ten minutes, or sooner if there are
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.\" soon-to-expire routes in the kernel routing table, and deletes the
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.\" expired routes.
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.\" .El
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.\" .Pp
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.\" A dynamic process is in place to modify the value of
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.\" net.inet.ip.rtexpire if the number of cached routes grows too large.
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.\" If after an expiration run there are still more than
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.\" net.inet.ip.rtmaxcache unreferenced routes remaining, the rtexpire
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.\" value is multiplied by 3/4, and any routes which have longer
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.\" expiration times have those times adjusted. This process is damped
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.\" somewhat by specification of a minimum rtexpire value
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.\" (net.inet.ip.rtminexpire), and by restricting the reduction to once in
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.\" a ten-minute period.
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.\" .Pp
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.\" If some external process deletes the original route from which a
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.\" protocol-cloned route was generated, the ``child route'' is deleted.
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.\" (This is actually a generic mechanism in the routing code support for
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.\" protocol-requested cloning.)
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.\" .Pp
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.\" No attempt is made to manage routes which were not created by protocol
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.\" cloning; these are assumed to be static, under the management of an
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.\" external routing process, or under the management of a link layer
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.\" (e.g.,
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.\" .Tn ARP
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.\" for Ethernets).
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.\" .Pp
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.\" Only certain types of network activity will result in the cloning of a
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.\" route using this mechanism. Specifically, those protocols (such as
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.\" .Tn TCP
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.\" and
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.\" .Tn UDP )
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.\" which themselves cache a long-lasting reference to route for a destination
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.\" will trigger the mechanism; whereas raw
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.\" .Tn IP
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.\" packets, whether locally-generated or forwarded, will not.
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr ioctl 2 ,
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.Xr socket 2 ,
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.Xr sysctl 3 ,
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.Xr icmp6 4 ,
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.Xr intro 4 ,
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.Xr ip6 4 ,
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.Xr tcp 4 ,
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.Xr ttcp 4 ,
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.Xr udp 4
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.Sh CAVEAT
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The IPv6 support is subject to change as the Internet protocols develop.
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Users should not depend on details of the current implementation,
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but rather the services exported.
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.Pp
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Users are suggested to implement
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.Dq version independent
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code as much as possible, as you will need to support both
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.Xr inet 4
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and
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.Nm inet6 .
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.Sh HISTORY
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The
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.Nm
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protocol interface are defined in RFC2553 and RFC2292.
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The implementation described herein appeared in WIDE/KAME project.
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