355 lines
9.7 KiB
Groff
355 lines
9.7 KiB
Groff
.\" $NetBSD: fsck_ffs.8,v 1.46 2009/05/07 08:27:14 wiz Exp $
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.\"
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.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1989, 1991, 1993
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.\" The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)fsck.8 8.3 (Berkeley) 11/29/94
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.\"
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.Dd May 7, 2009
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.Dt FSCK_FFS 8
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.Os
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.Sh NAME
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.Nm fsck_ffs
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.Nd Fast File System consistency check and interactive repair
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl adFfPpqUX
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.Op Fl B Ar byteorder
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.Op Fl b Ar block
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.Op Fl c Ar level
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.Op Fl m Ar mode
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.Op Fl x Ar snap-backup
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.Op Fl y | n
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.Ar filesystem ...
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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.Nm
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performs interactive file system consistency checks and repair for each of
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the file systems specified on the command line.
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It is normally invoked from
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.Xr fsck 8 .
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.Pp
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The kernel takes care that only a restricted class of innocuous file system
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inconsistencies can happen unless hardware or software failures intervene.
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These are limited to the following:
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.Pp
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.Bl -item -compact -offset indent
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.It
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Unreferenced inodes
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.It
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Link counts in inodes too large
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.It
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Missing blocks in the free map
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.It
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Blocks in the free map also in files
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.It
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Counts in the super-block wrong
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.El
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.Pp
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These are the only inconsistencies that
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.Nm
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in
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.Dq preen
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mode (with the
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.Fl p
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option) will correct; if it encounters other inconsistencies, it exits
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with an abnormal return status.
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For each corrected inconsistency one or more lines will be printed
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identifying the file system on which the correction will take place,
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and the nature of the correction.
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After successfully correcting a file system,
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.Nm
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will print the number of files on that file system,
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the number of used and free blocks,
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and the percentage of fragmentation.
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.Pp
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If sent a
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.Dv QUIT
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signal,
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.Nm
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will finish the file system checks, then exit with an abnormal return status.
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.Pp
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If
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.Nm
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receives a
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.Dv SIGINFO
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signal
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(see the
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.Sy status
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argument for
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.Xr stty 1 ) ,
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a line will be written to the standard error output indicating
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the name of the device currently being checked, the current phase
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number and phase-specific progress information.
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.Pp
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Without the
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.Fl p
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option,
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.Nm
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audits and interactively repairs inconsistent conditions for file systems.
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If the file system is inconsistent the operator is prompted for concurrence
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before each correction is attempted.
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It should be noted that some of the corrective actions which are not
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correctable under the
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.Fl p
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option will result in some loss of data.
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The amount and severity of data lost may be determined from the diagnostic
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output.
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The default action for each consistency correction
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is to wait for the operator to respond
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.Li yes
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or
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.Li no .
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If the operator does not have write permission on the file system
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.Nm
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will default to a
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.Fl n
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action.
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.Pp
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.Nm
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has more consistency checks than
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its predecessors
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.Em check , dcheck , fcheck ,
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and
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.Em icheck
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combined.
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.Pp
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The following flags are interpreted by
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.Nm .
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.Bl -tag -width XBXbyteorderXX -offset indent
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.It Fl a
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Interpret the filesystem as an Apple UFS filesystem, even if
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there is no Apple UFS volume label present.
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.It Fl B Ar byteorder
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Convert the file system metadata to
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.Ar byteorder
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byte order if needed.
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Valid byte orders are
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.Dq be
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and
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.Dq le .
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If
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.Nm
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is interrupted while swapping the metadata byte order, the file system cannot
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be recovered.
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.Nm
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will print a message in interactive mode if the file system is not in host
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byte order.
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.It Fl b Ar block
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Use the block number
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.Ar block
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as the super block for the file system.
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Block 32 is usually an alternative super block.
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.It Fl c Ar level
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Convert the FFSv1 file system to the level
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.Ar level .
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Note that the level of a file system can only be raised.
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There are currently five levels defined:
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.Bl -tag -width 3n -offset indent
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.It 0
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The file system is in the old (static table) format.
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.It 1
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The file system is in the new (dynamic table) format.
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.It 2
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The file system supports 32-bit UIDs and GIDs,
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short symbolic links are stored in the inode,
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and directories have an added field showing the file type.
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.It 3
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If maxcontig is greater than one,
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build the free segment maps to aid in finding contiguous sets of blocks.
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If maxcontig is equal to one, delete any existing segment maps.
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.It 4
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Rearrange the super block to the same layout as FFSv2;
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disable the rotational layout tables and per cylinder group
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block totals.
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.El
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.Pp
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In interactive mode,
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.Nm
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will list the conversion to be made
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and ask whether the conversion should be done.
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If a negative answer is given,
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no further operations are done on the file system.
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In preen mode,
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the conversion is listed and done if
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possible without user interaction.
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Conversion in preen mode is best used when all the file systems
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are being converted at once.
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.Pp
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The output of
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.Xr dumpfs 8
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can be examined to determine the format of the file system
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.Dq ( format
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in the second line)
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and the file system level
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.Dq ( fslevel
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in the sixth line).
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.It Fl d
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Print debugging output.
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.It Fl F
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Indicates that
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.Ar filesystem
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is a file system image, rather than a raw character device.
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.Ar filesystem
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will be accessed
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.Sq as-is ,
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and no attempts will be made to read a disklabel.
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.It Fl f
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Force checking of file systems.
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Normally, if a file system is cleanly unmounted, the kernel will set a
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.Dq clean flag
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in the file system super block, and
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.Nm
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will not check the file system.
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This option forces
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.Nm
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to check the file system, regardless of the state of the clean flag.
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.It Fl m Ar mode
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Use the octal value
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.Ar mode
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as the permission bits to use when creating the
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.Pa lost+found
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directory rather than the default 1700.
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In particular, systems that do not wish to have lost files accessible
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by all users on the system should use a more restrictive
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set of permissions such as 700.
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.It Fl n
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Assume a no response to all questions asked by
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.Nm
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except for
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.Ql CONTINUE? ,
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which is assumed to be affirmative;
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do not open the file system for writing.
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.It Fl P
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Display a progress meter for the file system check.
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A new meter is displayed for each of the 5 file system check passes, unless
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.Fl p
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is specified, in which case only one meter for overall progress is displayed.
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Progress meters are disabled if the
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.Fl d
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option is specified.
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.It Fl p
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Specify
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.Dq preen
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mode, described above.
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.It Fl x Ar snap-backup
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Use a snapshot with
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.Ar snap-backup
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as backup to check a read-write mounted filesystem.
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Must be used with
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.Fl n .
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See
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.Xr fss 4
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for more details.
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The point is to check an internally-consistent version of the
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filesystem to find out if it is damaged; on failure one should unmount
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the filesystem and repair it.
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.It Fl U
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Resolve user ids to usernames.
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.It Fl X
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Similar to
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.Fl x
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but uses a file system internal snapshot on the file system to be checked.
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.It Fl y
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Assume a yes response to all questions asked by
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.Nm ;
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this should be used with great caution as this is a free license
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to continue after essentially unlimited trouble has been encountered.
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.El
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.Pp
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Inconsistencies checked are as follows:
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.Bl -enum -offset indent -compact
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.It
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Blocks claimed by more than one inode or the free map.
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.It
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Blocks claimed by an inode outside the range of the file system.
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.It
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Incorrect link counts.
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.It
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Size checks:
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.Bl -item -offset indent -compact
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.It
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Directory size not a multiple of DIRBLKSIZ.
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.It
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Partially truncated file.
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.El
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.It
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Bad inode format.
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.It
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Blocks not accounted for anywhere.
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.It
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Directory checks:
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.Bl -item -offset indent -compact
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.It
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File pointing to unallocated inode.
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.It
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Inode number out of range.
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.It
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Dot or dot-dot not the first two entries of a directory
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or having the wrong inode number.
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.El
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.It
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Super Block checks:
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.Bl -item -offset indent -compact
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.It
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More blocks for inodes than there are in the file system.
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.It
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Bad free block map format.
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.It
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Total free block and/or free inode count incorrect.
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.El
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.El
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.Pp
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Orphaned files and directories (allocated but unreferenced) are,
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with the operator's concurrence, reconnected by
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placing them in the
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.Pa lost+found
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directory.
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The name assigned is the inode number.
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If the
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.Pa lost+found
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directory does not exist, it is created.
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If there is insufficient space its size is increased.
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.Pp
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Because of inconsistencies between the block device and the buffer cache,
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the raw device should always be used.
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.Sh DIAGNOSTICS
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The diagnostics produced by
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.Nm
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are fully enumerated and explained in Appendix A of
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.Rs
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.%T "Fsck \- The UNIX File System Check Program"
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.Re
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.Sh SEE ALSO
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.Xr fss 4 ,
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.Xr fs 5 ,
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.Xr fstab 5 ,
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.Xr dumpfs 8 ,
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.Xr fsck 8 ,
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.Xr fsdb 8 ,
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.Xr newfs 8 ,
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.Xr reboot 8
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