441 lines
13 KiB
Groff
441 lines
13 KiB
Groff
.\" Copyright (c) 1985, 1991 The Regents of the University of California.
|
|
.\" All rights reserved.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
|
|
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
|
|
.\" are met:
|
|
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
|
|
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
|
|
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
|
|
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
|
|
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
|
|
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
|
|
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
|
|
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
|
|
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
|
|
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
|
|
.\" without specific prior written permission.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
|
|
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
|
|
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
|
|
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
|
|
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
|
|
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
|
|
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
|
|
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
|
|
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
|
|
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
|
|
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
|
|
.\"
|
|
.\" from: @(#)named.8 6.9 (Berkeley) 3/16/91
|
|
.\" $Id: named.8,v 1.2 1993/08/01 07:24:13 mycroft Exp $
|
|
.\"
|
|
.Dd March 16, 1991
|
|
.Dt NAMED 8
|
|
.Os BSD 4
|
|
.Sh NAME
|
|
.Nm named
|
|
.Nd Internet domain name server
|
|
.Sh SYNOPSIS
|
|
.Nm named
|
|
.Op Fl d Ar debuglevel
|
|
.Op Fl p Ar port#
|
|
.Oo Op Fl b
|
|
.Ar bootfile Oc
|
|
.Sh DESCRIPTION
|
|
.Nm Named
|
|
is the Internet domain name server.
|
|
See
|
|
.%T RFC883
|
|
for more information on the Internet name-domain system.
|
|
Without any arguments,
|
|
.Nm named
|
|
will read the default boot file
|
|
.Pa /etc/named.boot ,
|
|
read any initial data and listen for queries.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Options are:
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Ds
|
|
.It Fl d
|
|
Print debugging information.
|
|
A number after the
|
|
.Fl d
|
|
determines the level of
|
|
messages printed.
|
|
.It Fl p
|
|
Use a different port number. The default is the standard port number
|
|
as listed in
|
|
.Pa /etc/services .
|
|
.It Fl b
|
|
Use an alternate boot file. This is optional and allows you to
|
|
specify a file with a leading dash.
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Any additional argument is taken as the name of the boot file.
|
|
The boot file contains information about where the name server is to get
|
|
its initial data. If multiple boot files are specified, only the last
|
|
is used.
|
|
Lines in the boot file cannot be continued on subsequent lines.
|
|
The following is a small example:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
;
|
|
; boot file for name server
|
|
;
|
|
directory /etc/namedb
|
|
|
|
; type domain source host/file backup file
|
|
|
|
cache . root.cache
|
|
primary Berkeley.EDU berkeley.edu.zone
|
|
primary 32.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA ucbhosts.rev
|
|
secondary CC.Berkeley.EDU 128.32.137.8 128.32.137.3 cc.zone.bak
|
|
secondary 6.32.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA 128.32.137.8 128.32.137.3 cc.rev.bak
|
|
primary 0.0.127.IN-ADDR.ARPA localhost.rev
|
|
forwarders 10.0.0.78 10.2.0.78
|
|
; slave
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The ``directory'' line causes the server to change its
|
|
working directory to the directory specified. This can
|
|
be important for the correct processing of
|
|
.Li $INCLUDE
|
|
files
|
|
in primary zone files.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Dq cache
|
|
line specifies that data in
|
|
.Dq Pa root.cache
|
|
is to be
|
|
placed in the backup cache.
|
|
Its main use is to specify data such as locations of root domain servers.
|
|
This cache is not used during normal operation,
|
|
but is used as
|
|
.Dq hints
|
|
to find the current root servers.
|
|
The file
|
|
.Dq Pa root.cache
|
|
is in the same format as
|
|
.Dq Pa berkeley.edu.zone .
|
|
There can be more than one
|
|
.Dq cache
|
|
file specified.
|
|
.\"The first such file will be updated under certain conditions to snapshot the
|
|
.\"cache (see
|
|
.\" .Dv SIGQUIT
|
|
.\" below).
|
|
.\"The cache line can also have an optional interval argument after
|
|
.\"the filename.
|
|
.\"If an interval is listed,
|
|
.\"it requests the nameserver to dump the cache contents
|
|
.\"at that interval (in seconds).
|
|
.\"The example above requests the nameserver to dump the cache content
|
|
.\"every 3600 seconds (once an hour).
|
|
.\"The use of automatic cache file updates is not currently recommended
|
|
.\"because of the way the cache is currently managed by the server;
|
|
.\"although the entire cache will be dumped for later reloading,
|
|
.\"most of the cache contents will be ignored when reloaded.
|
|
.\"The exact dump interval will vary
|
|
.\"based on the minimum maintence interval time which is typically about
|
|
.\"5 minutes.
|
|
The cache files are processed in such a way as to preserve the
|
|
time-to-live's
|
|
of data dumped out. Data for the root nameservers is kept artificially
|
|
valid if necessary.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The first
|
|
.Dq primary
|
|
line states that the file
|
|
.Dq Pa berkeley.edu.zone
|
|
contains
|
|
authoritative data for the
|
|
.Dq Berkeley. Ns Em EDU
|
|
zone.
|
|
The file
|
|
.Dq Pa berkeley.edu.zone
|
|
contains data in the master file format described in
|
|
.%T RFC883 .
|
|
All domain names are relative to the origin, in this
|
|
case,
|
|
.Dq Berkeley. Ns Em EDU
|
|
(see below for a more detailed description).
|
|
The second
|
|
.Dq primary
|
|
line states that the file
|
|
.Dq Pa ucbhosts.rev
|
|
contains
|
|
authoritative data for the domain
|
|
.Dq 32.128.IN-ADDR.ARPA ,
|
|
which is used
|
|
to translate addresses in network 128.32 to hostnames.
|
|
Each master file should begin with an
|
|
.Tn SOA
|
|
record for the zone
|
|
(see below).
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The first ``secondary'' line specifies that all authoritative data
|
|
under
|
|
.Dq CC.Berkeley. Ns Em EDU
|
|
is to be transferred from the name server
|
|
at 128.32.137.8. If the transfer fails it will try 128.32.137.3 and
|
|
continue trying the addresses, up to 10, listed on this line.
|
|
The secondary copy is also authoritative for the specified domain.
|
|
The first non-dotted-quad address on this line will be taken
|
|
as a filename in which to backup the transfered zone.
|
|
The name server will load the zone from this backup file if it exists
|
|
when it boots, providing a complete copy even if the master servers
|
|
are unreachable.
|
|
Whenever a new copy of the domain is received by automatic zone transfer
|
|
from one of the master servers, this file will be updated.
|
|
The second
|
|
.Dq secondary
|
|
line states that the address-to-hostname
|
|
mapping for the subnet 128.32.136 should be obtained from the same list
|
|
of master servers as the previous zone.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The
|
|
.Dq forwarders
|
|
line specifies the addresses of sitewide servers
|
|
that will accept recursive queries from other servers.
|
|
If the boot file specifies one or more forwarders, then the
|
|
server will send all queries for data not in the cache to the forwarders first.
|
|
Each forwarder will be asked in turn until an answer is returned
|
|
or the list is exhausted. If no answer is forthcoming from a
|
|
forwarder, the server will continue as it would have without
|
|
the forwarders line unless it is in ``slave'' mode.
|
|
The forwarding facility is useful
|
|
to cause a large sitewide cache to be generated on a master,
|
|
and to reduce traffic over links to outside servers.
|
|
It can also be used to allow servers to run that do not have
|
|
access directly to the Internet, but wish to act as though
|
|
they do.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The ``slave'' line (shown commented out) is used to put the server
|
|
in slave mode. In this mode, the server will only make queries to
|
|
forwarders. This option is normally used on machine that wish to
|
|
run a server but for physical or administrative reasons cannot
|
|
be given access to the Internet, but have access to a host that
|
|
does have access.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The ``sortlist'' line can be used to indicate networks that are to be
|
|
preferred over other, unlisted networks.
|
|
Queries for host addresses from hosts on the same network as the server
|
|
will receive responses with local network addresses listed first,
|
|
then addresses on the sort list, then other addresses.
|
|
This line is only acted on at initial startup.
|
|
When reloading the nameserver with
|
|
a
|
|
.Dv SIGHUP ,
|
|
this line will be ignored.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The master file consists of control information
|
|
and a list of resource records for objects in the zone
|
|
of the forms:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
$INCLUDE <filename> <opt_domain>
|
|
$ORIGIN <domain>
|
|
<domain> <opt_ttl> <opt_class> <type> <resource_record_data>
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
where
|
|
.Em domain
|
|
is
|
|
.Ql \&.
|
|
for root,
|
|
.Ql \&@
|
|
for the current origin, or a standard domain
|
|
name. If
|
|
.Em domain
|
|
is a standard domain name that does not end with
|
|
.Ql \&. ,
|
|
the current origin
|
|
is appended to the domain. Domain names ending with
|
|
.Ql \&.
|
|
are
|
|
unmodified.
|
|
The
|
|
.Em opt_domain
|
|
field is used to define an origin for the data in an included file.
|
|
It is equivalent to placing a
|
|
.Li $ORIGIN
|
|
statement before the first
|
|
line of the included file. The field is optional.
|
|
Neither the
|
|
.Em opt_domain
|
|
field nor
|
|
.Li $ORIGIN
|
|
statements in the included file modify the current origin
|
|
for this file.
|
|
The
|
|
.Em opt_ttl
|
|
field is an optional integer number for the time-to-live field.
|
|
It defaults to zero, meaning the minimum value specified in the
|
|
SOA record for the zone.
|
|
The
|
|
.Em opt_class
|
|
field is the object address type; currently only one type is supported,
|
|
.Sy IN ,
|
|
for objects connected to the
|
|
.Tn DARPA
|
|
Internet.
|
|
The
|
|
.Em type
|
|
field contains one of the following tokens; the data expected in the
|
|
.Em resource_record_data
|
|
field is in parentheses.
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl
|
|
.It A
|
|
a host address (dotted quad)
|
|
.It \&NS
|
|
an authoritative name server (domain)
|
|
.It \&MX
|
|
a mail exchanger (domain)
|
|
.It CNAME
|
|
the canonical name for an alias (domain)
|
|
.It SOA
|
|
marks the start of a zone of authority (domain of originating host,
|
|
domain address of maintainer, a serial number and the following
|
|
parameters in seconds: refresh, retry, expire and minimum TTL
|
|
(see
|
|
.%T RFC883 ) )
|
|
.It \&MB
|
|
a mailbox domain name (domain)
|
|
.It \&MG
|
|
a mail group member (domain)
|
|
.It \&MR
|
|
a mail rename domain name (domain)
|
|
.It NULL
|
|
ra null resource record (no format or data)
|
|
.It \&WKS
|
|
a well know service description (not implemented yet)
|
|
.It \&PTR
|
|
a domain name pointer (domain)
|
|
.It HINFO
|
|
host information (cpu_type OS_type )
|
|
.It MINFO
|
|
mailbox or mail list information (request_domain error_domain)
|
|
.El
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Resource records normally end at the end of a line,
|
|
but may be continued across lines between opening and closing parentheses.
|
|
Comments are introduced by semicolons and continue to the end of the line.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
Each master zone file should begin with an SOA
|
|
record for the zone.
|
|
An example SOA
|
|
record is as follows:
|
|
.Bd -literal
|
|
@ IN SOA ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU. rwh.ucbvax.Berkeley.EDU. (
|
|
2.89 ; serial
|
|
10800 ; refresh
|
|
3600 ; retry
|
|
3600000 ; expire
|
|
86400 ) ; minimum
|
|
.Ed
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The SOA
|
|
lists a serial number, which should be changed each time the master
|
|
file is changed.
|
|
Secondary servers check the serial number at intervals specified by the refresh
|
|
time in seconds; if the serial number changes, a zone transfer will be done
|
|
to load the new data.
|
|
If a master server cannot be contacted when a refresh is due, the retry time
|
|
specifies the interval at which refreshes should be attempted until successful.
|
|
If a master server cannot be contacted within the interval given by the
|
|
expire time, all data from the zone is discarded by secondary servers.
|
|
The minimum value is the time-to-live used by records in the file
|
|
with no explicit time-to-live value.
|
|
.Sh NOTES
|
|
The boot file directives ``domain'' and ``suffixes'' have been
|
|
obsoleted by a more useful resolver based implementation of
|
|
suffixing for partially qualified domain names. The prior mechanisms
|
|
could fail under a number of situations, especially when then local
|
|
nameserver did not have complete information.
|
|
.Pp
|
|
The following signals have the specified effect when sent to the
|
|
server process using the
|
|
.Xr kill 1
|
|
command.
|
|
.Bl -tag -width Fl
|
|
.It Dv SIGHUP
|
|
Causes server to read
|
|
.Pa named.boot
|
|
and reload database.
|
|
.It Dv SIGINT
|
|
Dumps current data base and cache to
|
|
.Pa /var/tmp/named_dump.db
|
|
.\".IP
|
|
.\" .Dv SIGQUIT
|
|
.\"Causes the server to checkpoint the cache into the first ``cache'' file.
|
|
.It Dv SIGIOT
|
|
Dumps statistics data into
|
|
.Pa /var/tmp/named.stats
|
|
if the server is
|
|
compiled
|
|
.Dv \-DSTATS .
|
|
Statistics data is appended to the file.
|
|
.It Dv SIGSYS
|
|
Dumps the profiling data in
|
|
.Pa /var/tmp
|
|
if the server is compiled
|
|
with profiling (server forks, chdirs and exits).
|
|
.It Dv SIGTERM
|
|
Dumps the primary and secondary database files.
|
|
Used to save modified data on shutdown if the
|
|
server is compiled with dynamic updating enabled.
|
|
.It Dv SIGUSR1
|
|
urnsTurns on debugging; each
|
|
.Dv SIGUSR1
|
|
increments debug level.
|
|
.Pf ( Dv SIGEMT
|
|
on older systems without
|
|
.Dv SIGUSR1 )
|
|
.It Dv SIGUSR2
|
|
Turns off debugging completely.
|
|
.Pf ( Dv SIGFPE
|
|
on older systems without
|
|
.Dv SIGUSR2 )
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh FILES
|
|
.Bl -tag -width /var/tmp/named_dump.db -compact
|
|
.It Pa /etc/named.boot
|
|
name server configuration boot file
|
|
.It Pa /etc/named.pid
|
|
the process id
|
|
.It Pa /var/tmp/named.run
|
|
debug output
|
|
.It Pa /var/tmp/named_dump.db
|
|
dump of the name server database
|
|
.It Pa /var/tmp/named.stats
|
|
nameserver statistics data
|
|
.El
|
|
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
|
.Xr kill 1 ,
|
|
.Xr gethostbyname 3 ,
|
|
.Xr signal 3 ,
|
|
.Xr resolver 3 ,
|
|
.Xr resolver 5 ,
|
|
.Xr hostname 7 ,
|
|
.Rs
|
|
.%T RFC882
|
|
.Re
|
|
.Rs
|
|
.%T RFC883
|
|
.Re
|
|
.Rs
|
|
.%T RFC973
|
|
.Re
|
|
.Rs
|
|
.%T RFC974
|
|
.Re
|
|
.Rs
|
|
.%T "Name Server Operations Guide for BIND"
|
|
.Re
|
|
.Sh HISTORY
|
|
The
|
|
.Nm
|
|
command appeared in
|
|
.Bx 4.3 .
|