694 lines
20 KiB
Plaintext
694 lines
20 KiB
Plaintext
.\" Copyright (c) 1986, 1993, 1994 The Regents of the University of California.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)Title 8.4 (Berkeley) 8/8/94
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.\"
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.af % i
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.nr LL 6.5i
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.EH ''''
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.OH ''''
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.EF ''''
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.OF ''''
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\&
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.sp |1.5i
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.nr PS 36
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.nr VS 39
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 3
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4.4BSD
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User's
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Supplementary Documents
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.nr PS 24
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.nr VS 32
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 1
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(USD)
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.bp
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\&
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.sp |0.83i
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.nr PS 14
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.nr VS 16.5
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.LP
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Now in its twentieth year, the USENIX Association,
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the UNIX and Advanced Computing Systems professional and technical organization,
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is a not-for-profit membership association of individuals and
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institutions with an interest in UNIX and UNIX-like systems,
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and, by extension, C++, X windows, and other advanced tools and technologies.
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.LP
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USENIX and its members are dedicated to:
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.IP \(bu
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fostering innovation and communicating research and technological developments,
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.IP \(bu
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sharing ideas and experience relevant to UNIX,
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UNIX-related, and advanced computing systems, and
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.IP \(bu
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providing a neutral forum for the exercise of critical
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thought and airing of technical issues.
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.LP
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USENIX publishes a journal (\fBComputing Systems\fP),
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a newsletter (\fI;login:\fP),
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Proceedings from its frequent Conferences and Symposia,
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and a Book Series.
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.LP
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SAGE, The Systems Administrators Guild, a Special Technical Group with
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the USENIX Association, is dedicated to the advancement of system
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administration as a profession.
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.LP
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SAGE brings together systems managers and administrators to:
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.IP \(bu
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propagate knowledge of good professional practice,
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.IP \(bu
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recruit talented individuals to the profession,
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.IP \(bu
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recognize individuals who attain professional excellence,
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.IP \(bu
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foster technical development and share solutions to technical
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problems, and
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.IP \(bu
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communicate in an organized voice with users, management, and vendors
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on system administration topics.
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.bp
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\&
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.sp |1i
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.nr PS 36
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.nr VS 39
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 3
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4.4BSD
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User's
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Supplementary Documents
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.nr PS 24
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.nr VS 32
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 1
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(USD)
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.sp 1i
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.nr PS 24
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.nr VS 26
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 1
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Berkeley Software Distribution
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.nr PS 18
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.nr VS 26
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 1
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April, 1994
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.sp 1i
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.nr PS 18
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.nr VS 20
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 2
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Computer Systems Research Group
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University of California at Berkeley
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.sp 2.25i
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.nr PS 12
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.nr VS 14.5
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 4
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A USENIX Association Book
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O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
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103 Morris Street, Suite A
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Sebastopol, CA 94572
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.bp
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.hy 0
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.nr PS 9
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.nr VS 11
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.LP
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First Printing, 1994
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.br
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Second Printing, 1995
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.sp 2
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.LP
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Copyright 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
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The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.sp 2
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.LP
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Other than the specific manual pages and documents listed below
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as copyrighted by AT&T,
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redistribution and use of this manual in source and binary forms,
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with or without modification, are permitted provided that the
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following conditions are met:
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.IP 1)
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Redistributions of this manual must retain the copyright
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notices on this page, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.IP 2)
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Software or documentation that incorporates part of this manual must
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reproduce the copyright notices on this page, this list of conditions and
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the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
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provided with the distribution.
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.IP 3)
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All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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must display the following acknowledgement:
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``This product includes software developed by the University of
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California, Berkeley and its contributors.''
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.IP 4)
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Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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without specific prior written permission.
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.LP
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\fB\s-1THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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|
HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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SUCH DAMAGE.\s+1\fP
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.sp 2
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.LP
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Documents USD:1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
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and 29 are copyright 1979, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Incorporated.
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Holders of \x'-1p'UNIX\v'-4p'\s-3TM\s0\v'4p'/32V,
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System III, or System V software licenses are
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permitted to copy these documents, or any portion of them,
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as necessary for licensed use of the software,
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provided this copyright notice and statement of permission
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are included.
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.sp 2
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Documents USD:8, 14, and 28 are part of the
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user contributed software.
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.sp 2
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.LP
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The views and conclusions contained in this manual are those of the
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authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies,
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either expressed or implied, of the Regents of the University of California.
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.sp 2
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.LP
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The 4.4BSD Daemon used on the cover is
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copyright 1994 by Marshall Kirk McKusick
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and is reproduced with permission.
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.br
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This book was printed and bound in the United States of America.
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.br
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Distributed by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
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.sp 2
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.IP "[recycle logo]" 16
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This book is printed on acid-free paper with 50% recycled content,
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10-13% post-consumer waste. O'Reilly & Associates is committed to
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using paper with the highest recycled content available consistent
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with high quality.
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.LP
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.sp 2
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ISBN: 1-56592-076-7
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.bp
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.OH '\s10Contents''- % -\s0'
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.EH '\s10- % -''Contents\s0'
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\&
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.sp |1.5i
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.nr PS 24
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.nr VS 26
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.LP
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.ce 1
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\fBContents\fP
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.sp 1
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.nr PS 12
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.nr VS 14
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.IP
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.tl 'Introduction''ix'
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.sp
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.SH
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Getting Started
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'Unix for Beginners \- Second Edition''tabbed 1'
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.QP
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An introduction to the most basic uses of the system.
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'Learn \- Computer\-Aided Instruction on UNIX (Second Edition)''tabbed 2'
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.QP
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Describes a computer-aided instruction program that walks new users through
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the basics of files, the editor, and document prepararation software.
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.sp
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.SH
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Basic Utilities
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'An Introduction to the UNIX Shell''tabbed 3'
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.QP
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Steve Bourne's introduction to the capabilities of
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.I sh,
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a command interpreter especially popular for writing shell scripts.
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'An Introduction to the C shell''tabbed 4'
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.QP
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This introduction to
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.I csh,
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(a command interpreter popular for interactive work) describes many
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commonly used UNIX commands, assumes little prior knowledge of UNIX,
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and has a glossary useful for beginners.
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'DC \- An Interactive Desk Calculator''tabbed 5'
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.QP
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A super HP calculator, if you do not need floating point.
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'BC \- An Arbitrary Precision Desk-Calculator Language''tabbed 6'
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.QP
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A front end for DC that provides infix notation, control flow, and
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built\-in functions.
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.sp
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.SH
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Communicating with the World
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'Mail Reference Manual''tabbed 7'
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.QP
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Complete details on one of the programs for sending and reading your mail.
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'The Rand MH Message Handling System''tabbed 8'
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.QP
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This system for managing your computer mail uses lots of small programs,
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instead of one large one.
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.sp
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.SH
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Text Editing
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'A Tutorial Introduction to the Unix Text Editor''tabbed 9'
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.QP
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An easy way to get started with the line editor,
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.I ed.
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'Advanced Editing on Unix''tabbed 10'
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.QP
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The next step.
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi''tabbed 11'
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.QP
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The document to learn to use the \fIvi\fR screen editor.
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'Ex Reference Manual (Version 3.7)''tabbed 12'
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.QP
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The final reference for the \fIex\fR editor.
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'Vi Reference Manual''tabbed 13'
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.QP
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The definitive reference for the \fInvi\fR editor.
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.sp
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.IP
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|
.tl 'Jove Manual for UNIX Users''tabbed 14'
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.QP
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Jove is a small, self-documenting, customizable display editor, based on EMACS.
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|
A plausible alternative to
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.I vi.
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.sp
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.IP
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|
.tl 'SED \- A Non-interactive Text Editor''tabbed 15'
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.QP
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|
Describes a one-pass variant of
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.I ed
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useful as a filter for processing large files.
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|
.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'AWK \- A Pattern Scanning and Processing Language (Second Edition)''tabbed 16'
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.QP
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A program for data selection and transformation.
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.sp
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.SH
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Document Preparation
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.sp
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.IP
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|
.tl 'Typing Documents on UNIX: Using the \-ms Macros with Troff and Nroff''tabbed 17'
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.QP
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Describes and gives examples of the basic use of the typesetting tools and
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``-ms'', a frequently used package of formatting requests that make it easier
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to lay out most documents.
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.sp
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.ne 1i
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.IP
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|
.tl 'A Revised Version of \-ms''tabbed 18'
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.QP
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A brief description of the Berkeley revisions made to the \-ms formatting
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macros for nroff and troff.
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'Writing Papers with \fInroff\fR using \-me''tabbed 19'
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.QP
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Another popular macro package for
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.I nroff.
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl '\-me Reference Manual''tabbed 20'
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.QP
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The final word on \-me.
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'NROFF/TROFF User\'s Manual''tabbed 21'
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.QP
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Extremely detailed information about these document formatting programs.
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'A TROFF Tutorial''tabbed 22'
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.QP
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An introduction to the most basic uses of
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.I troff
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for those who really want to know such things, or want to write their
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own macros.
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'A System for Typesetting Mathematics''tabbed 23'
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.QP
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Describes
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.I eqn,
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an easy-to-learn language for high-quality mathematical typesetting.
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|
.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'Typesetting Mathematics \- User\'s Guide (Second Edition)''tabbed 24'
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.QP
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More details about how to use
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.I eqn.
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'Tbl \- A Program to Format Tables''tabbed 25'
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.QP
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A program for easily typesetting tabular material.
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.sp
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.IP
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|
.tl 'Refer \- A Bibliography System''tabbed 26'
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.QP
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An introduction to one set of tools used to maintain bibliographic databases.
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The major program,
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.I refer,
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is used to automatically retrieve and format the references
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based on document citations.
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.sp
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.IP
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|
.tl 'Some Applications of Inverted Indexes on the UNIX System''tabbed 27'
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.QP
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Mike Lesk's paper describes the
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.I refer
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programs in a somewhat larger context.
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'BIB \- A Program for Formatting Bibliographies''tabbed 28'
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.QP
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This is an alternative to
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.I refer
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for expanding citations in documents.
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'Writing Tools \- The STYLE and DICTION Programs''tabbed 29'
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.QP
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These are programs which can help you understand and improve your
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writing style.
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.sp
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.SH
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|
Amusements
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.sp
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.IP
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|
.tl 'A Guide to the Dungeons of Doom''tabbed 30'
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.QP
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|
An introduction to the popular game of \fIrogue\fP, a fantasy game
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|
which is one of the biggest known users of VAX cycles.
|
|
.sp
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|
.IP
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|
.tl 'Star Trek''tabbed 31'
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.QP
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|
You are the Captain of the Starship Enterprise.
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|
Wipe out the Klingons and save the Federation.
|
|
.sp
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|
.IP
|
|
.tl 'List of Documents''inside back cover'
|
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.if o .bp
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\&
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.EH ''''
|
|
.OH ''''
|
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.bp
|
|
.OH '\s10Introduction''- % -\s0'
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|
.EH '\s10- % -''Introduction\s0'
|
|
.de IR
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|
\fI\\$1\^\fR\\$2
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|
..
|
|
.de RI
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|
\fR\\$1\fI\\$2\^\fR\\$3
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|
..
|
|
.ce
|
|
\fB\s24Introduction\s0\fP
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|
.sp 2
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|
.nr PS 10
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.nr VS 12
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.LP
|
|
The documentation for 4.4BSD is in a format similar
|
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to the one used for the 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD manuals.
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|
It is divided into three sets; each set consists of one or more volumes.
|
|
The abbreviations for the volume names are listed in square brackets;
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the abbreviations for the manual sections are listed in parenthesis.
|
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.DS
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|
I. User's Documents
|
|
User's Reference Manual [URM]
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|
Commands (1)
|
|
Games (6)
|
|
Macro packages and language conventions (7)
|
|
User's Supplementary Documents [USD]
|
|
Getting Started
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|
Basic Utilities
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|
Communicating with the World
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Text Editing
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Document Preparation
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Amusements
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|
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II. Programmer's Documents
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|
Programmer's Reference Manual [PRM]
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|
System calls (2)
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Subroutines (3)
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|
Special files (4)
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|
File formats and conventions (5)
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|
Programmer's Supplementary Documents [PSD]
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|
Documents of Historic Interest
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Languages in common use
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Programming Tools
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Programming Libraries
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|
General Reference
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|
III. System Manager's Manual [SMM]
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Maintenance commands (8)
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|
System Installation and Administration
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|
.DE
|
|
.LP
|
|
References to individual documents are given as ``volume:document'',
|
|
thus USD:1 refers to the first document in the ``User's Supplementary
|
|
Documents''.
|
|
References to manual pages are given as ``\fIname\fP(section)'' thus
|
|
.IR sh (1)
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|
refers to the shell manual entry in section 1.
|
|
.LP
|
|
The manual pages give descriptions of the features of the
|
|
4.4BSD system, as developed at the University of California at Berkeley.
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|
They do not attempt to provide perspective or tutorial information about the
|
|
4.4BSD operating system, its facilities, or its implementation.
|
|
Various documents on those topics are contained in the
|
|
``\s-1UNIX\s+1 User's Supplementary Documents'' (USD), the
|
|
``\s-1UNIX\s+1 Programmer's Supplementary Documents'' (PSD),
|
|
and ``\s-1UNIX\s+1 System Manager's Manual'' (SMM).
|
|
In particular, for an overview see ``The \s-1UNIX\s+1 Time-Sharing System'' (PSD:1)
|
|
by Ritchie and Thompson; for a tutorial see
|
|
``\s8\s-1UNIX\s+1\s10 for Beginners'' (USD:1) by Kernighan,
|
|
and for an guide to the new features of this latest version, see
|
|
``Berkeley Software Architecture Manual (4.4 Edition)'' (PSD:5).
|
|
.LP
|
|
Within the area it surveys, this volume attempts to be timely, complete
|
|
and concise. Where the latter two objectives conflict,
|
|
the obvious is often left unsaid in favor of brevity.
|
|
It is intended that each program be described as it is, not as it should be.
|
|
Inevitably, this means that various sections will soon be out of date.
|
|
.LP
|
|
Commands are programs intended to be invoked directly by
|
|
the user, in contrast to subroutines, that are
|
|
intended to be called by the user's programs.
|
|
User commands are described in URM section 1.
|
|
Commands generally reside in directory
|
|
.I /bin
|
|
(for
|
|
.IR bin \|ary
|
|
programs).
|
|
Some programs also reside in
|
|
.I
|
|
/\|usr/\|bin,
|
|
.R
|
|
to save space in
|
|
.I /\|bin.
|
|
.R
|
|
These directories are searched automatically by the command interpreters.
|
|
Additional directories that may be of interest include
|
|
.I
|
|
/\|usr/\|contrib/\|bin,
|
|
.R
|
|
which has contributed software
|
|
.I
|
|
/\|usr/\|old/\|bin,
|
|
.R
|
|
which has old but sometimes still useful software and
|
|
.I
|
|
/\|usr/\|local/\|bin,
|
|
.R
|
|
which contains software local to your site.
|
|
.LP
|
|
Games have been relegated to URM section 6 and
|
|
.I
|
|
/\|usr/\|games,
|
|
.R
|
|
to keep them from contaminating
|
|
the more staid information of URM section 1.
|
|
.LP
|
|
Miscellaneous collection of information necessary for
|
|
writing in various specialized languages such as character codes,
|
|
macro packages for typesetting, etc is contained in URM section 7.
|
|
.LP
|
|
System calls are entries into the BSD kernel.
|
|
The system call interface is identical to a C language
|
|
procedure call; the equivalent C procedures are described in PRM section 2.
|
|
.LP
|
|
An assortment of subroutines is available;
|
|
they are described in PRM section 3.
|
|
The primary libraries in which they are kept are described in
|
|
.IR intro (3).
|
|
The functions are described in terms of C.
|
|
.LP
|
|
PRM section 4 discusses the characteristics of
|
|
each system ``file'' that refers to an I/O device.
|
|
The names in this section refer to the HP300 device names for the hardware,
|
|
instead of the names of the special files themselves.
|
|
.LP
|
|
The file formats and conventions (PRM section 5)
|
|
documents the structure of particular kinds of files;
|
|
for example, the form of the output of the loader and
|
|
assembler is given. Excluded are files used by only one command,
|
|
for example the assembler's intermediate files.
|
|
.LP
|
|
Commands and procedures intended for use primarily by the
|
|
system administrator are described in SMM section 8.
|
|
The files described here are almost all kept in the directory
|
|
.I /\|etc.
|
|
The system administration binaries reside in
|
|
.I
|
|
/\|sbin,
|
|
.R
|
|
and
|
|
.I
|
|
/\|usr/\|sbin.
|
|
.LP
|
|
Each section consists of independent entries of a page or so each.
|
|
The name of the entry is in the upper corners of its pages,
|
|
together with the section number.
|
|
Entries within each section are alphabetized.
|
|
The page numbers of each entry start at 1;
|
|
it is infeasible to number consecutively the pages of
|
|
a document like this that is republished in many variant forms.
|
|
.LP
|
|
All entries are based on a common format;
|
|
not all subsections always appear.
|
|
.RS
|
|
.LP
|
|
The
|
|
.I name
|
|
subsection lists the exact names of the commands and subroutines
|
|
covered under the entry and gives a short description of their purpose.
|
|
.LP
|
|
The
|
|
.IR synopsis ""
|
|
summarizes the use of the program being described.
|
|
A few conventions are used, particularly in the Commands subsection:
|
|
.LP
|
|
.RS
|
|
.B Boldface
|
|
words are considered literals, and are typed just as they appear.
|
|
.LP
|
|
Square brackets [ ] around an argument show that the argument is optional.
|
|
When an argument is given as ``name'', it always refers to a file name.
|
|
.LP
|
|
Ellipses ``.\|.\|.'' are used to show that the previous argument-prototype
|
|
may be repeated.
|
|
.LP
|
|
A final convention is used by the commands themselves.
|
|
An argument beginning with a minus sign ``\-'' usually means that it is an
|
|
option-specifying argument, even if it appears in a position where
|
|
a file name could appear. Therefore, it is unwise to have files whose
|
|
names begin with ``\-''.
|
|
.LP
|
|
.RE
|
|
The
|
|
.IR description ""
|
|
subsection discusses in detail the subject at hand.
|
|
.LP
|
|
The
|
|
.IR files ""
|
|
subsection gives the names of files that are built into the program.
|
|
.LP
|
|
A
|
|
.I
|
|
see also
|
|
.R
|
|
subsection gives pointers to related information.
|
|
.LP
|
|
A
|
|
.I diagnostics
|
|
subsection discusses the diagnostic indications that may be produced.
|
|
Messages that are intended to be self-explanatory are not listed.
|
|
.LP
|
|
The
|
|
.IR bugs ""
|
|
subsection gives known bugs and sometimes deficiencies.
|
|
Occasionally the suggested fix is also described.
|
|
.LP
|
|
.RE
|
|
At the beginning of URM, PRM, and SSM is a List of Manual Pages,
|
|
organized by section and alphabetically within each section, and a
|
|
Permuted Index derived from that List.
|
|
Within each index entry, the title of the writeup to which
|
|
it refers is followed by the appropriate section number in parentheses.
|
|
This fact is important because there is considerable
|
|
name duplication among the sections, arising principally from commands that
|
|
exist only to exercise a particular system call.
|
|
Finally, there is a list of documents on the inside back cover of each volume.
|
|
.if o .bp
|
|
\&
|
|
.EH ''''
|
|
.OH ''''
|