706 lines
20 KiB
Plaintext
706 lines
20 KiB
Plaintext
.\" $NetBSD: Title,v 1.2 1998/01/09 06:55:17 perry Exp $
|
||
.\"
|
||
.\" Copyright (c) 1986, 1993, 1994 The Regents of the University of California.
|
||
.\" All rights reserved.
|
||
.\"
|
||
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
|
||
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
|
||
.\" are met:
|
||
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
|
||
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
|
||
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
|
||
.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
|
||
.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
|
||
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
|
||
.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
|
||
.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
|
||
.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
|
||
.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
|
||
.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
|
||
.\" without specific prior written permission.
|
||
.\"
|
||
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
|
||
.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
|
||
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
|
||
.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
|
||
.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
|
||
.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
|
||
.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
|
||
.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
|
||
.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
|
||
.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
|
||
.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
|
||
.\"
|
||
.\" @(#)Title 8.5 (Berkeley) 8/8/94
|
||
.\"
|
||
.af % i
|
||
.nr LL 6.5i
|
||
.EH ''''
|
||
.OH ''''
|
||
.EF ''''
|
||
.OF ''''
|
||
\&
|
||
.sp |1.5i
|
||
.nr PS 36
|
||
.nr VS 39
|
||
.LP
|
||
.ft B
|
||
.ce 2
|
||
4.4BSD
|
||
System Manager's Manual
|
||
.nr PS 24
|
||
.nr VS 32
|
||
.LP
|
||
.ft B
|
||
.ce 1
|
||
(SMM)
|
||
.bp
|
||
\&
|
||
.sp |0.83i
|
||
.nr PS 14
|
||
.nr VS 16.5
|
||
.LP
|
||
Now in its twentieth year, the USENIX Association,
|
||
the UNIX and Advanced Computing Systems professional and technical organization,
|
||
is a not-for-profit membership association of individuals and
|
||
institutions with an interest in UNIX and UNIX-like systems,
|
||
and, by extension, C++, X windows, and other advanced tools and technologies.
|
||
.LP
|
||
USENIX and its members are dedicated to:
|
||
.IP \(bu
|
||
fostering innovation and communicating research and technological developments,
|
||
.IP \(bu
|
||
sharing ideas and experience relevant to UNIX,
|
||
UNIX-related, and advanced computing systems, and
|
||
.IP \(bu
|
||
providing a neutral forum for the exercise of critical
|
||
thought and airing of technical issues.
|
||
.LP
|
||
USENIX publishes a journal (\fBComputing Systems\fP),
|
||
a newsletter (\fI;login:\fP),
|
||
Proceedings from its frequent Conferences and Symposia,
|
||
and a Book Series.
|
||
.LP
|
||
SAGE, The Systems Administrators Guild, a Special Technical Group with
|
||
the USENIX Association, is dedicated to the advancement of system
|
||
administration as a profession.
|
||
.LP
|
||
SAGE brings together systems managers and administrators to:
|
||
.IP \(bu
|
||
propagate knowledge of good professional practice,
|
||
.IP \(bu
|
||
recruit talented individuals to the profession,
|
||
.IP \(bu
|
||
recognize individuals who attain professional excellence,
|
||
.IP \(bu
|
||
foster technical development and share solutions to technical
|
||
problems, and
|
||
.IP \(bu
|
||
communicate in an organized voice with users, management, and vendors
|
||
on system administration topics.
|
||
.bp
|
||
\&
|
||
.sp |1i
|
||
.nr PS 36
|
||
.nr VS 39
|
||
.LP
|
||
.ft B
|
||
.ce 2
|
||
4.4BSD
|
||
System Manager's Manual
|
||
.nr PS 24
|
||
.nr VS 32
|
||
.LP
|
||
.ft B
|
||
.ce 1
|
||
(SMM)
|
||
.sp 1i
|
||
.nr PS 24
|
||
.nr VS 26
|
||
.LP
|
||
.ft B
|
||
.ce 1
|
||
Berkeley Software Distribution
|
||
.nr PS 18
|
||
.nr VS 26
|
||
.LP
|
||
.ft B
|
||
.ce 1
|
||
April, 1994
|
||
.sp 1i
|
||
.nr PS 18
|
||
.nr VS 20
|
||
.LP
|
||
.ft B
|
||
.ce 2
|
||
Computer Systems Research Group
|
||
University of California at Berkeley
|
||
.sp 2.75i
|
||
.nr PS 12
|
||
.nr VS 14.5
|
||
.LP
|
||
.ft B
|
||
.ce 4
|
||
A USENIX Association Book
|
||
O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
|
||
103 Morris Street, Suite A
|
||
Sebastopol, CA 94572
|
||
.bp
|
||
.hy 0
|
||
.nr PS 9
|
||
.nr VS 11
|
||
.LP
|
||
First Printing, 1994
|
||
.br
|
||
Second Printing, 1995
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.LP
|
||
Copyright 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
|
||
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.LP
|
||
Other than the specific manual pages and documents listed below
|
||
as copyrighted by AT&T,
|
||
redistribution and use of this manual in source and binary forms,
|
||
with or without modification, are permitted provided that the
|
||
following conditions are met:
|
||
.IP 1)
|
||
Redistributions of this manual must retain the copyright
|
||
notices on this page, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
|
||
.IP 2)
|
||
Software or documentation that incorporates part of this manual must
|
||
reproduce the copyright notices on this page, this list of conditions and
|
||
the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
|
||
provided with the distribution.
|
||
.IP 3)
|
||
All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
|
||
must display the following acknowledgement:
|
||
``This product includes software developed by the University of
|
||
California, Berkeley and its contributors.''
|
||
.IP 4)
|
||
Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
|
||
may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
|
||
without specific prior written permission.
|
||
.LP
|
||
\fB\s-1THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
|
||
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
|
||
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
|
||
ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
|
||
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
|
||
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
|
||
OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
|
||
HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
|
||
LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
|
||
OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
|
||
SUCH DAMAGE.\s+1\fP
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.LP
|
||
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American
|
||
National Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems have
|
||
given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation.
|
||
.LP
|
||
In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions
|
||
of the system documentation.
|
||
.LP
|
||
``Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in
|
||
electronic form in 4.4BSD from IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, IEEE
|
||
Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Computer Environments
|
||
(POSIX), copyright 1988 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
|
||
Engineers, Inc. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions
|
||
and the original IEEE Standard, the original IEEE Standard is the referee
|
||
document.''
|
||
.LP
|
||
In the following statement, the phrase ``This material'' refers to portions
|
||
of the system documentation.
|
||
.LP
|
||
``This material is reproduced with permission from American National
|
||
Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems. Computer and
|
||
Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA), 311 First St., NW,
|
||
Suite 500, Washington, DC 20001-2178. The developmental work of
|
||
Programming Language C was completed by the X3J11 Technical Committee.''
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.LP
|
||
Manual pages cron.8, icheck.8, ncheck.8, and sa.8
|
||
and documents SMM:15, 16, and 17
|
||
are copyright 1979, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Incorporated.
|
||
Document SMM:14 is a modification of an earlier document that
|
||
is copyrighted 1979 by AT&T Bell Laboratories, Incorporated.
|
||
Holders of \x'-1p'UNIX\v'-4p'\s-3TM\s0\v'4p'/32V,
|
||
System III, or System V software licenses are
|
||
permitted to copy these documents, or any portion of them,
|
||
as necessary for licensed use of the software,
|
||
provided this copyright notice and statement of permission
|
||
are included.
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.LP
|
||
The views and conclusions contained in this manual are those of the
|
||
authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies,
|
||
either expressed or implied, of the Regents of the University of California.
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.LP
|
||
The 4.4BSD Daemon used on the cover is
|
||
copyright 1994 by Marshall Kirk McKusick
|
||
and is reproduced with permission.
|
||
.br
|
||
This book was printed and bound in the United States of America.
|
||
.br
|
||
Distributed by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.IP "[recycle logo]" 16
|
||
This book is printed on acid-free paper with 50% recycled content,
|
||
10-13% post-consumer waste. O'Reilly & Associates is committed to
|
||
using paper with the highest recycled content available consistent
|
||
with high quality.
|
||
.LP
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
ISBN: 1-56592-080-5
|
||
.bp
|
||
.OH '\s10Contents''- % -\s0'
|
||
.EH '\s10- % -''Contents\s0'
|
||
\&
|
||
.sp |1.5i
|
||
.nr PS 24
|
||
.nr VS 26
|
||
.LP
|
||
.ce 1
|
||
\fBContents\fP
|
||
.sp 1
|
||
.nr PS 12
|
||
.nr VS 14
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'Introduction''vii'
|
||
.sp
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'List of Manual Pages''ix'
|
||
.sp
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'Permuted Index''xxxix'
|
||
.sp
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'Reference Manual Section 8''tabbed M8'
|
||
.QP
|
||
Section 8 of the UNIX Programmer's Manual contains information related to
|
||
system operation, administration, and maintenance.
|
||
.sp
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'Installing and Operating 4.4BSD''tabbed 1'
|
||
.QP
|
||
The definitive reference document for those occasions when
|
||
you find you need to start over again.
|
||
.sp
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'Building 4.4BSD Kernels with \fIConfig\fP''tabbed 2'
|
||
.QP
|
||
In-depth discussions of the use and operation of the \fIconfig\fP
|
||
program, and how to build your very own Unix kernel.
|
||
.sp
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'Fsck \- The UNIX File System Check Program''tabbed 3'
|
||
.QP
|
||
A reference document for using the \fIfsck\fP program during
|
||
times of file system distress.
|
||
.sp
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'Disc Quotas in a UNIX Environment''tabbed 4'
|
||
.QP
|
||
A light introduction to the techniques
|
||
for limiting the use of disc resources.
|
||
.sp
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'A Fast File System for UNIX''tabbed 5'
|
||
.QP
|
||
A description of the 4.4BSD file system organization,
|
||
design and implementation.
|
||
.sp
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'The 4.4BSD NFS Implementation''tabbed 6'
|
||
.QP
|
||
An overview of the design, implementation, and use of NFS on 4.4BSD.
|
||
.sp
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'Line Printer Spooler Manual''tabbed 7'
|
||
.QP
|
||
This document describes the structure and installation procedure
|
||
for the line printer spooling system.
|
||
.sp
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide''tabbed 8'
|
||
.QP
|
||
The last word in installing and operating the \fIsendmail\fP program.
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'Sendmail \- An Internetwork Mail Router''tabbed 9'
|
||
.QP
|
||
An overview document on the design and implementation of \fIsendmail\fP.
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'Name Server Operations Guide for BIND''tabbed 10'
|
||
.QP
|
||
Setting up and operating the name to Internet addressing software.
|
||
If you have a network this will be of interest.
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'Timed Installation and Operation Guide''tabbed 11'
|
||
.QP
|
||
Describes how to maintain time synchronization between machines
|
||
in a local network.
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'The Berkeley UNIX Time Synchronization Protocol''tabbed 12'
|
||
.QP
|
||
The protocols and algorithms used by timed,
|
||
the network time synchronization daemon.
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'AMD \- The 4.4BSD Automounter''tabbed 13'
|
||
.QP
|
||
Automatically mounting file systems on demand.
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'Installation and Operation of UUCP''tabbed 14'
|
||
.QP
|
||
Describes the implementation of uucp; for the installer and administrator.
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'A Dial\-Up Network of UNIX Systems''tabbed 15'
|
||
.QP
|
||
Describes UUCP, a program for communicating files between UNIX systems.
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'On the Security of UNIX''tabbed 16'
|
||
.QP
|
||
Hints on how to break UNIX, and how to avoid your system being broken.
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'Password Security \- A Case History''tabbed 17'
|
||
.QP
|
||
How the bad guys used to be able to break the password algorithm, and why
|
||
they cannot now (at least not so easily).
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'Networking Implementation Notes, 4.4BSD Edition''tabbed 18'
|
||
.QP
|
||
A concise description of the system interfaces used within the
|
||
networking subsystem.
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'The PERL Programming Language''tabbed 19'
|
||
.QP
|
||
The Practical Extraction and Report Language is ideal for
|
||
writing those pesky adminitration scripts.
|
||
.sp 0.8
|
||
.IP
|
||
.tl 'List of Documents''inside back cover'
|
||
.if o .bp
|
||
\&
|
||
.EH ''''
|
||
.OH ''''
|
||
.bp
|
||
.OH '\s10Introduction''- % -\s0'
|
||
.EH '\s10- % -''Introduction\s0'
|
||
.de IR
|
||
\fI\\$1\^\fR\\$2
|
||
..
|
||
.de RI
|
||
\fR\\$1\fI\\$2\^\fR\\$3
|
||
..
|
||
.ce
|
||
\fB\s24Introduction\s0\fP
|
||
.sp 2
|
||
.nr PS 10
|
||
.nr VS 12
|
||
.LP
|
||
The documentation for 4.4BSD is in a format similar
|
||
to the one used for the 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD manuals.
|
||
It is divided into three sets; each set consists of one or more volumes.
|
||
The abbreviations for the volume names are listed in square brackets;
|
||
the abbreviations for the manual sections are listed in parenthesis.
|
||
.DS
|
||
I. User's Documents
|
||
User's Reference Manual [URM]
|
||
Commands (1)
|
||
Games (6)
|
||
Macro packages and language conventions (7)
|
||
User's Supplementary Documents [USD]
|
||
Getting Started
|
||
Basic Utilities
|
||
Communicating with the World
|
||
Text Editing
|
||
Document Preparation
|
||
Amusements
|
||
|
||
II. Programmer's Documents
|
||
Programmer's Reference Manual [PRM]
|
||
System calls (2)
|
||
Subroutines (3)
|
||
Special files (4)
|
||
File formats and conventions (5)
|
||
Programmer's Supplementary Documents [PSD]
|
||
Documents of Historic Interest
|
||
Languages in common use
|
||
Programming Tools
|
||
Programming Libraries
|
||
General Reference
|
||
|
||
III. System Manager's Manual [SMM]
|
||
Maintenance commands (8)
|
||
System Installation and Administration
|
||
.DE
|
||
.LP
|
||
References to individual documents are given as ``volume:document'',
|
||
thus USD:1 refers to the first document in the ``User's Supplementary
|
||
Documents''.
|
||
References to manual pages are given as ``\fIname\fP(section)'' thus
|
||
.IR sh (1)
|
||
refers to the shell manual entry in section 1.
|
||
.LP
|
||
The manual pages give descriptions of the features of the
|
||
4.4BSD system, as developed at the University of California at Berkeley.
|
||
They do not attempt to provide perspective or tutorial information about the
|
||
4.4BSD operating system, its facilities, or its implementation.
|
||
Various documents on those topics are contained in the
|
||
``\s-1UNIX\s+1 User's Supplementary Documents'' (USD), the
|
||
``\s-1UNIX\s+1 Programmer's Supplementary Documents'' (PSD),
|
||
and ``\s-1UNIX\s+1 System Manager's Manual'' (SMM).
|
||
In particular, for an overview see ``The \s-1UNIX\s+1 Time-Sharing System'' (PSD:1)
|
||
by Ritchie and Thompson; for a tutorial see
|
||
``\s8\s-1UNIX\s+1\s10 for Beginners'' (USD:1) by Kernighan,
|
||
and for an guide to the new features of this latest version, see
|
||
``Berkeley Software Architecture Manual (4.4 Edition)'' (PSD:5).
|
||
.LP
|
||
Within the area it surveys, this volume attempts to be timely, complete
|
||
and concise. Where the latter two objectives conflict,
|
||
the obvious is often left unsaid in favor of brevity.
|
||
It is intended that each program be described as it is, not as it should be.
|
||
Inevitably, this means that various sections will soon be out of date.
|
||
.LP
|
||
Commands are programs intended to be invoked directly by
|
||
the user, in contrast to subroutines, that are
|
||
intended to be called by the user's programs.
|
||
User commands are described in URM section 1.
|
||
Commands generally reside in directory
|
||
.I /bin
|
||
(for
|
||
.IR bin \|ary
|
||
programs).
|
||
Some programs also reside in
|
||
.I
|
||
/\|usr/\|bin,
|
||
.R
|
||
to save space in
|
||
.I /\|bin.
|
||
.R
|
||
These directories are searched automatically by the command interpreters.
|
||
Additional directories that may be of interest include
|
||
.I
|
||
/\|usr/\|contrib/\|bin,
|
||
.R
|
||
which has contributed software
|
||
.I
|
||
/\|usr/\|old/\|bin,
|
||
.R
|
||
which has old but sometimes still useful software and
|
||
.I
|
||
/\|usr/\|local/\|bin,
|
||
.R
|
||
which contains software local to your site.
|
||
.LP
|
||
Games have been relegated to URM section 6 and
|
||
.I
|
||
/\|usr/\|games,
|
||
.R
|
||
to keep them from contaminating
|
||
the more staid information of URM section 1.
|
||
.LP
|
||
Miscellaneous collection of information necessary for
|
||
writing in various specialized languages such as character codes,
|
||
macro packages for typesetting, etc is contained in URM section 7.
|
||
.LP
|
||
System calls are entries into the BSD kernel.
|
||
The system call interface is identical to a C language
|
||
procedure call; the equivalent C procedures are described in PRM section 2.
|
||
.LP
|
||
An assortment of subroutines is available;
|
||
they are described in PRM section 3.
|
||
The primary libraries in which they are kept are described in
|
||
.IR intro (3).
|
||
The functions are described in terms of C.
|
||
.LP
|
||
PRM section 4 discusses the characteristics of
|
||
each system ``file'' that refers to an I/O device.
|
||
The names in this section refer to the HP300 device names for the hardware,
|
||
instead of the names of the special files themselves.
|
||
.LP
|
||
The file formats and conventions (PRM section 5)
|
||
documents the structure of particular kinds of files;
|
||
for example, the form of the output of the loader and
|
||
assembler is given. Excluded are files used by only one command,
|
||
for example the assembler's intermediate files.
|
||
.LP
|
||
Commands and procedures intended for use primarily by the
|
||
system administrator are described in SMM section 8.
|
||
The files described here are almost all kept in the directory
|
||
.I /\|etc.
|
||
The system administration binaries reside in
|
||
.I
|
||
/\|sbin,
|
||
.R
|
||
and
|
||
.I
|
||
/\|usr/\|sbin.
|
||
.LP
|
||
Each section consists of independent entries of a page or so each.
|
||
The name of the entry is in the upper corners of its pages,
|
||
together with the section number.
|
||
Entries within each section are alphabetized.
|
||
The page numbers of each entry start at 1;
|
||
it is infeasible to number consecutively the pages of
|
||
a document like this that is republished in many variant forms.
|
||
.LP
|
||
All entries are based on a common format;
|
||
not all subsections always appear.
|
||
.RS
|
||
.LP
|
||
The
|
||
.I name
|
||
subsection lists the exact names of the commands and subroutines
|
||
covered under the entry and gives a short description of their purpose.
|
||
.LP
|
||
The
|
||
.IR synopsis ""
|
||
summarizes the use of the program being described.
|
||
A few conventions are used, particularly in the Commands subsection:
|
||
.LP
|
||
.RS
|
||
.B Boldface
|
||
words are considered literals, and are typed just as they appear.
|
||
.LP
|
||
Square brackets [ ] around an argument show that the argument is optional.
|
||
When an argument is given as ``name'', it always refers to a file name.
|
||
.LP
|
||
Ellipses ``.\|.\|.'' are used to show that the previous argument-prototype
|
||
may be repeated.
|
||
.LP
|
||
A final convention is used by the commands themselves.
|
||
An argument beginning with a minus sign ``\-'' usually means that it is an
|
||
option-specifying argument, even if it appears in a position where
|
||
a file name could appear. Therefore, it is unwise to have files whose
|
||
names begin with ``\-''.
|
||
.LP
|
||
.RE
|
||
The
|
||
.IR description ""
|
||
subsection discusses in detail the subject at hand.
|
||
.LP
|
||
The
|
||
.IR files ""
|
||
subsection gives the names of files that are built into the program.
|
||
.LP
|
||
A
|
||
.I
|
||
see also
|
||
.R
|
||
subsection gives pointers to related information.
|
||
.LP
|
||
A
|
||
.I diagnostics
|
||
subsection discusses the diagnostic indications that may be produced.
|
||
Messages that are intended to be self-explanatory are not listed.
|
||
.LP
|
||
The
|
||
.IR bugs ""
|
||
subsection gives known bugs and sometimes deficiencies.
|
||
Occasionally the suggested fix is also described.
|
||
.LP
|
||
.RE
|
||
At the beginning of URM, PRM, and SSM is a List of Manual Pages,
|
||
organized by section and alphabetically within each section, and a
|
||
Permuted Index derived from that List.
|
||
Within each index entry, the title of the writeup to which
|
||
it refers is followed by the appropriate section number in parentheses.
|
||
This fact is important because there is considerable
|
||
name duplication among the sections, arising principally from commands that
|
||
exist only to exercise a particular system call.
|
||
Finally, there is a list of documents on the inside back cover of each volume.
|
||
.if o .bp
|
||
\&
|
||
.EH ''''
|
||
.OH ''''
|
||
.bp
|
||
.OH '\s10Manual Pages''- % -\s0'
|
||
.EH '\s10- % -''Manual Pages\s0'
|
||
.EF '\s10\\\\*(Dt''\\\\*(Ed\s0'
|
||
.OF '\s10\\\\*(Ed''\\\\*(Dt\s0'
|
||
.nr PS 10
|
||
.nr VS 12
|
||
.LP
|
||
.ce
|
||
\s24\fBList \|of \|Manual \|Pages\fP\s0
|
||
.nr x 0.5
|
||
.in +\nxi
|
||
.nf
|
||
.ta \n(.lu-\nxuR
|
||
.de xx
|
||
\\$1\f3 \a \fP\\$2
|
||
..
|
||
.de t
|
||
.sp 1v
|
||
.ne .5i
|
||
.cs 3
|
||
.ti -\\nxi
|
||
.ss 18
|
||
\fB\\$2. \\$3\fP
|
||
.ss 12
|
||
.if t .sp .5v
|
||
.cs 3 36
|
||
.ds Ed Section \\$2
|
||
.ds Dt \\$3
|
||
.so \\$1
|
||
..
|
||
.t ../../man/man0/toc1 1 "Commands and Application Programs"
|
||
.t ../../man/man0/toc2 2 "System Calls"
|
||
.t ../../man/man0/toc3 3 "C Library Subroutines"
|
||
.t ../../man/man0/toc4 4 "Special Files"
|
||
.t ../../man/man0/toc5 5 "File Formats"
|
||
.t ../../man/man0/toc6 6 "Games"
|
||
.t ../../man/man0/toc7 7 "Miscellaneous"
|
||
.t ../../man/man0/toc8 8 "System Maintenance"
|
||
.in -\nxi
|
||
.cs 3
|
||
.ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i
|
||
.if o .bp
|
||
\&
|
||
.EH ''''
|
||
.OH ''''
|
||
.bp
|
||
\&
|
||
.OH '\s10Permuted Index''- % -\s0'
|
||
.EH '\s10- % -''Permuted Index\s0'
|
||
.ds Ed 4.4BSD
|
||
.ds Dt April \|1994
|
||
.ce
|
||
\s24\fBPermuted \|Index\fP\s0
|
||
.sp 2
|
||
.nr PS 8
|
||
.nr VS 9
|
||
.LP
|
||
.\" backup from slotput 1, slot, 2
|
||
.tr ~
|
||
.nf
|
||
.cs 3 36
|
||
.de xx
|
||
.ds s1\"
|
||
.if \w\\$2 .ds s1 ~~\"
|
||
.ds s2 ~~~\"
|
||
.ds s3\"
|
||
.if \w\\$4 .ds s3 ~~\"
|
||
.ds s4 ~~\"
|
||
.ds s5 ~~\"
|
||
.ds y \\*(s4\f3\fP\\*(s5
|
||
.ta 6i-\w\\*(s5u
|
||
\h"3i-\w\\$1\\*(s1\\$2\\*(s2u"\\$1\\*(s1\\$2\\*(s2\\$3\\*(s3\\$4\\*y\\$5
|
||
..
|
||
.so ../../man/man0/ptxx
|
||
.cs 3
|
||
.ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i
|