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Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors .\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software .\" without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND .\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE .\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE .\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE .\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL .\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS .\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) .\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT .\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY .\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF .\" SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .\" from: @(#)route.8 6.11 (Berkeley) 3/16/91 .\" $Id: route.8,v 1.4 1993/08/01 07:38:18 mycroft Exp $ .\" .Dd March 16, 1991 .Dt ROUTE 8 .Os BSD 4.2 .Sh NAME .Nm route .Nd manually manipulate the routing tables (Interim) .Sh SYNOPSIS .Nm route .Op Fl n .Op Fl q .Op Fl v .Ar command .Oo .Op Ar modifiers .Ar args .Oc .Sh DESCRIPTION .Nm Route is a program used to manually manipulate the network routing tables. It normally is not needed, as the system routing table management daemon, .Xr routed 8 , should tend to this task. .Pp Options supported by .Nm route : .Pp .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Fl n Prevent attempts to print host and network names symbolically when reporting actions. .It Fl v (verbose) Print additional details. .It Fl q Suppress all output. .El .Pp Commands accepted by .Nm route : .Pp .Bl -tag -width Fl -compact .It Cm add Add a route. .It Cm flush Remove all routes. .It Cm delete Delete a specific route. .It Cm change Change aspects of a route (such as its gateway). .It Cm get Lookup and display the route for a destination. .It Cm monitor Continuously report any changes to the routing information base, routing lookup misses, or suspected network partionings. .El .Pp The monitor command has the syntax .Pp .Bd -filled -offset indent -compact .Nm route Op Fl n .Cm monitor .Ed .Pp The flush command has the syntax .Pp .Bd -filled -offset indent -compact .Nm route Op Fl n .Cm flush .Op Ar family .Ed .Pp Where the address family may be specified by any of the .Fl osi , .Fl xns , or .Fl inet keywords. .Pp The other commands have the following syntax: .Pp .Bd -filled -offset indent -compact .Nm route Op Fl n .Ar command .Op Fl net No \&| Fl host .Ar destination gateway .Ed .Pp where .Ar destination is the destination host or network, .Ar gateway is the next-hop gateway to which packets should be addressed. Routes to a particular host are distinguished from those to a network by interpreting the Internet address associated with .Ar destination . The optional keywords .Fl net and .Fl host force the destination to be interpreted as a network or a host, respectively. Otherwise, if the .Ar destination has a ``local address part'' of INADDR_ANY , or if the .Ar destination is the symbolic name of a network, then the route is assumed to be to a network; otherwise, it is presumed to be a route to a host. .Pp For example, .Li 128.32 is interpreted as .Fl host Li 128.0.0.32 ; .Li 128.32.130 is interpreted as .Fl host Li 128.32.0.130 ; .Fl net Li 128.32 is interpreted as .Li 128.32.0.0; and .Fl net Li 128.32.130 is interpreted as .Li 128.32.130.0 . .Pp If the route is via an interface rather than via a gateway, the .Fl interface modifier should be specified; the gateway given is the address of this host on the common network, indicating the interface to be used for transmission. .Pp The optional modifiers .Fl xns , and .Fl osi specify that all subsequent addresses are in the .Tn XNS or .Tn OSI address families, and the names must be numeric specifications rather than symbolic names. .Pp The optional .Fl netmask qualifier is intended to achieve the effect of an .Tn OSI .Tn ESIS redirect with the netmask option. One specifies an additional ensuing address parameter (to be interpreted as a network mask). The implicit network mask generated in the inet case can be overridden by making sure this option follows the destination parameter. .Pp The optional modifiers .Fl rtt , .Fl rttvar , .Fl sendpipe , .Fl recvpipe , .Fl mtu , .Fl hopcount , .Fl expire , and .Fl ssthresh provide initial values to metrics maintained in the routing entry. These may be individually locked by preceding each such modifier to be locked by the .Fl lock meta-modifier, or one can specify that all ensuing metrics may be locked by the .Fl lockrest meta-modifier. .Pp In a .Cm change or .Cm add command where the destination and gateway are not sufficient to specify the route (as in the .Tn ISO case where several interfaces may have the same address), the .Fl ifp or .Fl ifa modifiers may be used to determine the interface or interface address. .Pp All symbolic names specified for a .Ar destination or .Ar gateway are looked up first as a host name using .Xr gethostbyname 3 . If this lookup fails, .Xr getnetbyname 3 is then used to interpret the name as that of a network. .Pp .Nm Route uses a routing socket and the new message types RTM_ADD, RTM_DELETE, RTM_GET, and RTM_CHANGE. As such, only the super-user may modify the routing tables. .Pp If the .Cm flush command is specified, .Nm route will ``flush'' the routing tables of all gateway entries. One can choose to flush only those routes whose destinations are of a given address family, by specifying an optional keyword describing which address family. .Sh DIAGNOSTICS .Bl -tag -width Ds .It Sy "add [host \&| network ] %s: gateway %s flags %x" The specified route is being added to the tables. The values printed are from the routing table entry supplied in the .Xr ioctl 2 call. If the gateway address used was not the primary address of the gateway (the first one returned by .Xr gethostbyname 3 ) , the gateway address is printed numerically as well as symbolically. .It Sy "delete [ host &| network ] %s: gateway %s flags %x" As above, but when deleting an entry. .It Sy "%s %s done" When the .Cm flush command is specified, each routing table entry deleted is indicated with a message of this form. .It Sy "Network is unreachable" An attempt to add a route failed because the gateway listed was not on a directly-connected network. The next-hop gateway must be given. .It Sy "not in table" A delete operation was attempted for an entry which wasn't present in the tables. .It Sy "routing table overflow" An add operation was attempted, but the system was low on resources and was unable to allocate memory to create the new entry. .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr netintro 4 , .Xr route 4 , .Xr esis 4 , .Xr routed 8 , .Xr XNSrouted 8 .Sh HISTORY The .Nm command appeared in .Bx 4.2 . .Sh BUGS The first paragraph may have slightly exaggerated .Xr routed Ns 's abilities.