.\" $NetBSD: ld.aout_so.1,v 1.5 2003/03/31 01:51:01 perry Exp $ .\" .\" Copyright (c) 1998 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc. .\" All rights reserved. .\" .\" This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation .\" by Paul Kranenburg. .\" .\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without .\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions .\" are met: .\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. .\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright .\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the .\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. .\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software .\" must display the following acknowledgement: .\" This product includes software developed by the NetBSD .\" Foundation, Inc. and its contributors. .\" 4. Neither the name of The NetBSD Foundation nor the names of its .\" contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived .\" from this software without specific prior written permission. .\" .\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS .\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED .\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR .\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS .\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR .\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF .\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS .\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN .\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) .\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE .\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. .\" .Dd March 24, 2000 .Dt LD.AOUT_SO 1 .Os .Sh NAME .Nm ld.so .Nd run-time link-editor .Sh DESCRIPTION .Nm is a self-contained, position independent program image providing run-time support for loading and link-editing shared objects into a process' address space. It uses the data structures .Po see .Xr link 5 .Pc contained within dynamically linked programs to determine which shared libraries are needed and loads them at a convenient virtual address using the .Xr mmap 2 system call. .Pp After all shared libraries have been successfully loaded, .Nm proceeds to resolve external references from both the main program and all objects loaded. A mechanism is provided for initialization routines to be called, on a per-object basis, giving a shared object an opportunity to perform any extra set-up, before execution of the program proper begins. .Nm looks for a symbol named .Em .init in each object's symbol table. If present, this symbol is assumed to represent a C-function declared as .Ft void .Fn .init "void" , which is then called. Similarly, a .Ft void .Fn .fini "void" function is called just before an object is unloaded from the process address space as a result of calling .Xr dlclose 3 . Note that while an object's .Em .init is always called, whether the object is loaded automatically at program startup or programmatically by using .Xr dlopen 3 , the .Em .fini function is called only on .Sq last Xr dlclose 3 . .Pp This mechanism is exploited by the system-supplied C++ constructor initialization code located in .Pa /usr/lib/c++rt.o . This file should be included in the list of object-code files passed to .Xr ld 1 when building a shared C++ library. .Pp .Nm is itself a shared object that is initially loaded by the startup module .Em crt0 . Since .Xr a.out 5 formats do not provide easy access to the file header from within a running process, .Em crt0 uses the special symbol .Va _DYNAMIC to determine whether a program is in fact dynamically linked or not. Whenever the linker .Xr ld 1 has relocated this symbol to a location other than 0, .Em crt0 assumes the services of .Nm are needed .Po see .Xr link 5 for details .Pc Ns \&. .Em crt0 passes control to .Nm rtld Ns 's entry point before the program's .Fn main routine is called. Thus, .Nm can complete the link-editing process before the dynamic program calls upon services of any dynamic library. .Pp To quickly locate the required shared objects in the filesystem, .Nm may use a .Dq hints file, prepared by the .Xr ldconfig 8 utility, in which the full path specification of the shared objects can be looked up by hashing on the 3-tuple .Ao library-name, major-version-number, minor-version-number .Ac Ns \&. .Pp .Nm recognizes a number of environment variables that can be used to modify its behavior as follows: .Pp .Bl -tag -width LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS \" intentionally not the longest .It Ev LD_LIBRARY_PATH A colon separated list of directories, overriding the default search path for shared libraries. .It Ev LD_PRELOAD A colon separated list of shared object filenames to be loaded .Em after the main program but .Em before its shared object dependencies. .It Ev LD_WARN_NON_PURE_CODE When set, issue a warning whenever a link-editing operation requires modification of the text segment of some loaded object. This is usually indicative of an incorrectly built library. .It Ev LD_SUPPRESS_WARNINGS When set, no warning messages of any kind are issued. Normally, a warning is given if satisfactorily versioned library could not be found. .It Ev LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS When set, causes .Nm to exit after loading the shared objects and printing a summary which includes the absolute pathnames of all objects, to standard output. .It Ev LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_FMT1 .It Ev LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_FMT2 When set, these variables are interpreted as format strings a la .Xr printf 3 to customize the trace output and are used by .Xr ldd 1 's .Fl f option and allows .Xr ldd 1 to be operated as a filter more conveniently. The following conversions can be used: .Bl -tag -width xxxx .It \&%a The main program's name .Po also known as .Dq __progname .Pc . .It \&%A The value of the environment variable .Ev LD_TRACE_LOADED_OBJECTS_PROGNAME .It \&%o The library name. .It \&%m The library's major version number. .It \&%n The library's minor version number. .It \&%p The full pathname as determined by .Nm rtld Ns 's library search rules. .It \&%x The library's load address. .El .Pp Additionally, .Sy \en and .Sy \et are recognized and have their usual meaning. .It Ev LD_NO_INTERN_SEARCH When set, .Nm does not process any internal search paths that were recorded in the executable. .It Ev LD_NOSTD_PATH When set, do not include a set of built-in standard directory paths for searching. This might be useful when running on a system with a completely non-standard filesystem layout. .El .Sh FILES .Bl -tag -width /var/run/ld.so.hintsXXX -compact .It Pa /var/run/ld.so.hints library location hints built by .Xr ldconfig 8 .El .Sh SEE ALSO .Xr ld 1 , .Xr ld.elf_so 1 , .Xr ld.so 1 , .Xr link 5 , .Xr ldconfig 8 .Sh HISTORY The shared library model employed first appeared in SunOS 4.0. .Sh SECURITY CONSIDERATIONS The environment variables .Ev LD_LIBRARY_PATH and .Ev LD_PRELOAD are not honored when executing in a set-user-ID or set-group-ID environment. This action is taken to prevent malicious substitution of shared object dependencies or interposition of symbols.