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.\"     from: @(#)mtio.4	8.1 (Berkeley) 6/5/93
.\"
.Dd January 14, 1999
.Dt MTIO 4
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm mtio
.Nd generic magnetic tape I/O interface
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Cd "#include \*[Lt]sys/ioctl.h\*[Gt]"
.Cd "#include \*[Lt]sys/types.h\*[Gt]"
.Cd "#include \*[Lt]sys/mtio.h\*[Gt]"
.Sh DESCRIPTION
Magnetic tape has been the computer system backup and data transfer
medium of choice for decades, because it has historically been
cheaper in cost per bit stored, and the formats have been designed
for portability and storage.
However, tape drives have generally been the slowest mass
storage devices attached to any computer system.
.Pp
Magnetic tape comes in a wide variety of formats, from classic 9-track,
through various Quarter Inch Cartridge
.Pq Tn QIC
variants, to more modern systems using 8mm video tape, and
Digital Audio Tape
.Pq Tn DAT .
There have also been a variety of proprietary tape systems, including
.Tn DECtape ,
and
.Tn "IBM 3480" .
.Ss UNIX TAPE I/O
Regardless of the specific characteristics of the particular tape
transport mechanism (tape drive),
.Ux
tape I/O has two interfaces:
.Qq block
and
.Qq raw .
I/O through the block interface of a tape device is similar to I/O
through the block special device for a disk driver: the individual
.Xr read 2
and
.Xr write 2
calls can be done in any amount of bytes, but all data is buffered
through the system buffer cache, and I/O to the device is done in
1024 byte sized blocks.
This limitation is sufficiently restrictive that the block interface
to tape devices is rarely used.
.Pp
The
.Qq raw
interface differs in that all I/O can be done in arbitrary sized blocks,
within the limitations for the specific device and device driver,
and all I/O is synchronous.
This is the most flexible interface, but since there is very little
that is handled automatically by the kernel, user programs must
implement specific magnetic tape handling routines, which puts the onus
of correctness on the application programmer.
.Ss DEVICE NAME CONVENTIONS
Each magnetic tape subsystem has a couple of special devices
associated with it.
.Pp
The block device is usually named for the driver, e.g.
.Pa /dev/st0
for unit zero of a
.Xr st 4
.Tn SCSI
tape drive.
.Pp
The raw device name is the block device name with an
.Qq r
prepended, e.g.
.Pa /dev/rst0 .
.Pp
By default, the tape driver will rewind the tape drive when the
device is closed.
To make it possible for multiple program invocations to
sequentially write multiple files on the same tape, a
.Qq no rewind on close
device is provided, denoted by the letter
.Qq n
prepended to the name of the device, e.g.
.Pa /dev/nst0 ,
.Pa /dev/nrst0 .
.Pp
The
.Xr mt 1
command can be used to explicitly rewind, or otherwise position a
tape at a particular point with the no-rewind device.
.Ss FILE MARK HANDLING
Two end-of-file (EOF) markers mark the end of a tape (EOT), and
one end-of-file marker marks the end of a tape file.
.Pp
By default, the tape driver will write two End Of File (EOF) marks
and rewind the tape when the device is closed after the last write.
.Pp
If the tape is not to be rewound it is positioned with the
head in between the two tape marks, where the next write
will over write the second end-of-file marker.
.Pp
All of the magnetic tape devices may be manipulated with the
.Xr mt 1
command.
.Pp
A number of
.Xr ioctl 2
operations are available on raw magnetic tape.
Please see
.Aq Pa sys/mtio.h
for their definitions.
.\" The following definitions are from
.\" .Aq Pa sys/mtio.h :
.\" .Bd  -literal
.\" there was a copy of sys/mtio.h here. silly.
.\" .Ed
.Pp
The manual pages for specific tape device drivers should list their
particular capabilities and limitations.
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr dd 1 ,
.Xr mt 1 ,
.Xr pax 1 ,
.Xr tar 1 ,
.Xr st 4 ,
.Xr wt 4
.Sh HISTORY
The
.Nm
manual appeared in
.Bx 4.2 .
.Sh BUGS
The status should be returned in a device independent format.
.Pp
If and when
.Nx
is updated to deal with non-512 byte per sector disk media through the
system buffer cache, perhaps a more sane tape interface can be
implemented.