This is groff, produced by makeinfo version 4.3d from ./groff.texinfo. This manual documents GNU `troff' version 1.19. Copyright (C) 1994-2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover texts being `A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled `GNU Free Documentation License." (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: `You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development." INFO-DIR-SECTION Typesetting START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * Groff: (groff). The GNU troff document formatting system. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY  File: groff, Node: DESC File Format, Next: Font File Format, Prev: Font Files, Up: Font Files `DESC' File Format ------------------ The `DESC' file can contain the following types of line. Except for the `charset' keyword which must comes last (if at all), the order of the lines is not important. `res N' There are N machine units per inch. `hor N' The horizontal resolution is N machine units. All horizontal quantities are rounded to be multiples of this value. `vert N' The vertical resolution is N machine units. All vertical quantities are rounded to be multiples of this value. `sizescale N' The scale factor for point sizes. By default this has a value of 1. One scaled point is equal to one point/N. The arguments to the `unitwidth' and `sizes' commands are given in scaled points. *Note Fractional Type Sizes::, for more information. `unitwidth N' Quantities in the font files are given in machine units for fonts whose point size is N scaled points. `prepro PROGRAM' Call PROGRAM as a preprocessor. Currently, this keyword is used by `groff' with option `-Thtml' only. `postpro PROGRAM' Call PROGRAM as a postprocessor. For example, the line postpro grodvi in the file `devdvi/DESC' makes `groff' call `grodvi' if option `-Tdvi' is given (and `-Z' isn't used). `tcommand' This means that the postprocessor can handle the `t' and `u' intermediate output commands. `sizes S1 S2 ... SN 0' This means that the device has fonts at S1, S2, ... SN scaled points. The list of sizes must be terminated by 0 (this is digit zero). Each SI can also be a range of sizes M-N. The list can extend over more than one line. `styles S1 S2 ... SM' The first M font positions are associated with styles S1 ... SM. `fonts N F1 F2 F3 ... FN' Fonts F1 ... FN are mounted in the font positions M+1, ..., M+N where M is the number of styles. This command may extend over more than one line. A font name of 0 means no font is mounted on the corresponding font position. `family FAM' The default font family is FAM. `use_charnames_in_special' This command indicates that `gtroff' should encode special characters inside special commands. Currently, this is only used by the HTML output device. *Note Postprocessor Access::. `papersize STRING ...' Select a paper size. Valid values for STRING are the ISO paper types `A0'-`A7', `B0'-`B7', `C0'-`C7', `D0'-`D7', `DL', and the US paper types `letter', `legal', `tabloid', `ledger', `statement', `executive', `com10', and `monarch'. Case is not significant for STRING if it holds predefined paper types. Alternatively, STRING can be a file name (e.g. `/etc/papersize'); if the file can be opened, `groff' reads the first line and tests for the above paper sizes. Finally, STRING can be a custom paper size in the format `LENGTH,WIDTH' (no spaces before and after the comma). Both LENGTH and WIDTH must have a unit appended; valid values are `i' for inches, `C' for centimeters, `p' for points, and `P' for picas. Example: `12c,235p'. An argument which starts with a digit is always treated as a custom paper format. `papersize' sets both the vertical and horizontal dimension of the output medium. More than one argument can be specified; `groff' scans from left to right and uses the first valid paper specification. `pass_filenames' Tell `gtroff' to emit the name of the source file currently being processed. This is achieved by the intermediate output command `F'. Currently, this is only used by the HTML output device. `print PROGRAM' Use PROGRAM as a spooler program for printing. If omitted, the `-l' and `-L' options of `groff' are ignored. `charset' This line and everything following in the file are ignored. It is allowed for the sake of backwards compatibility. The `res', `unitwidth', `fonts', and `sizes' lines are mandatory. Other commands are ignored by `gtroff' but may be used by postprocessors to store arbitrary information about the device in the `DESC' file. Here a list of obsolete keywords which are recognized by `groff' but completely ignored: `spare1', `spare2', `biggestfont'.  File: groff, Node: Font File Format, Prev: DESC File Format, Up: Font Files Font File Format ---------------- A "font file", also (and probably better) called a "font description file", has two sections. The first section is a sequence of lines each containing a sequence of blank delimited words; the first word in the line is a key, and subsequent words give a value for that key. `name F' The name of the font is F. `spacewidth N' The normal width of a space is N. `slant N' The glyphs of the font have a slant of N degrees. (Positive means forward.) `ligatures LIG1 LIG2 ... LIGN [0]' Glyphs LIG1, LIG2, ..., LIGN are ligatures; possible ligatures are `ff', `fi', `fl', `ffi' and `ffl'. For backwards compatibility, the list of ligatures may be terminated with a 0. The list of ligatures may not extend over more than one line. `special' The font is "special"; this means that when a glyph is requested that is not present in the current font, it is searched for in any special fonts that are mounted. Other commands are ignored by `gtroff' but may be used by postprocessors to store arbitrary information about the font in the font file. The first section can contain comments which start with the `#' character and extend to the end of a line. The second section contains one or two subsections. It must contain a `charset' subsection and it may also contain a `kernpairs' subsection. These subsections can appear in any order. Each subsection starts with a word on a line by itself. The word `charset' starts the character set subsection.(1) (*note Font File Format-Footnote-1::) The `charset' line is followed by a sequence of lines. Each line gives information for one glyph. A line comprises a number of fields separated by blanks or tabs. The format is NAME METRICS TYPE CODE [ENTITY-NAME] [`--' COMMENT] NAME identifies the glyph name(2) (*note Font File Format-Footnote-2::): If NAME is a single character C then it corresponds to the `gtroff' input character C; if it is of the form `\C' where C is a single character, then it corresponds to the special character `\[C]'; otherwise it corresponds to the special character `\[NAME]'. If it is exactly two characters XX it can be entered as `\(XX'. Note that single-letter special characters can't be accessed as `\C'; the only exception is `\-' which is identical to `\[-]'. `gtroff' supports 8-bit input characters; however some utilities have difficulties with eight-bit characters. For this reason, there is a convention that the entity name `charN' is equivalent to the single input character whose code is N. For example, `char163' would be equivalent to the character with code 163 which is the pounds sterling sign in the ISO Latin-1 character set. You shouldn't use `charN' entities in font description files since they are related to input, not output. Otherwise, you get hard-coded connections between input and output encoding which prevents use of different (input) character sets. The name `---' is special and indicates that the glyph is unnamed; such glyphs can only be used by means of the `\N' escape sequence in `gtroff'. The TYPE field gives the glyph type: `1' the glyph has a descender, for example, `p'; `2' the glyph has an ascender, for example, `b'; `3' the glyph has both an ascender and a descender, for example, `('. The CODE field gives the code which the postprocessor uses to print the glyph. The glyph can also be input to `gtroff' using this code by means of the `\N' escape sequence. CODE can be any integer. If it starts with `0' it is interpreted as octal; if it starts with `0x' or `0X' it is interpreted as hexadecimal. Note, however, that the `\N' escape sequence only accepts a decimal integer. The ENTITY-NAME field gives an ASCII string identifying the glyph which the postprocessor uses to print the `gtroff' glyph NAME. This field is optional and has been introduced so that the HTML device driver can encode its character set. For example, the glyph `\[Po]' is represented as `£' in HTML 4.0. Anything on the line after the ENTITY-NAME field resp. after `--' will be ignored. The METRICS field has the form: WIDTH[`,'HEIGHT[`,'DEPTH[`,'ITALIC-CORRECTION [`,'LEFT-ITALIC-CORRECTION[`,'SUBSCRIPT-CORRECTION]]]]] There must not be any spaces between these subfields (it has been split here into two lines for better legibility only). Missing subfields are assumed to be 0. The subfields are all decimal integers. Since there is no associated binary format, these values are not required to fit into a variable of type `char' as they are in `ditroff'. The WIDTH subfield gives the width of the glyph. The HEIGHT subfield gives the height of the glyph (upwards is positive); if a glyph does not extend above the baseline, it should be given a zero height, rather than a negative height. The DEPTH subfield gives the depth of the glyph, that is, the distance from the baseline to the lowest point below the baseline to which the glyph extends (downwards is positive); if a glyph does not extend below the baseline, it should be given a zero depth, rather than a negative depth. The ITALIC-CORRECTION subfield gives the amount of space that should be added after the glyph when it is immediately to be followed by a glyph from a roman font. The LEFT-ITALIC-CORRECTION subfield gives the amount of space that should be added before the glyph when it is immediately to be preceded by a glyph from a roman font. The SUBSCRIPT-CORRECTION gives the amount of space that should be added after a glyph before adding a subscript. This should be less than the italic correction. A line in the `charset' section can also have the format NAME " This indicates that NAME is just another name for the glyph mentioned in the preceding line. The word `kernpairs' starts the kernpairs section. This contains a sequence of lines of the form: C1 C2 N This means that when glyph C1 appears next to glyph C2 the space between them should be increased by N. Most entries in the kernpairs section have a negative value for N.  File: groff, Node: Font File Format-Footnotes, Up: Font File Format (1) This keyword is misnamed since it starts a list of ordered glyphs, not characters. (2) The distinction between input, characters, and output, glyphs, is not clearly separated in the terminology of `groff'; for example, the `char' request should be called `glyph' since it defines an output entity.  File: groff, Node: Installation, Next: Copying This Manual, Prev: File formats, Up: Top Installation ************  File: groff, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Request Index, Prev: Installation, Up: Top Copying This Manual ******************* * Menu: * GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual.  File: groff, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual GNU Free Documentation License ============================== Version 1.1, March 2000 Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 0. PREAMBLE The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others. This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software. We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference. 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language. A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them. The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License. A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque". Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output purposes only. The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text. 2. VERBATIM COPYING You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies. 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects. If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent pages. If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public. It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document. 4. MODIFICATIONS You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version: A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission. B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five). C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher. D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document. E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices. F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below. G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice. H. Include an unaltered copy of this License. I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence. J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission. K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgments" or "Dedications", preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgments and/or dedications given therein. L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles. M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version. N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section. If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles. You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard. You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version. 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice. The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgments", and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements." 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document. 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves derivative works of the Document. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate. 8. TRANSLATION Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License provided that you also include the original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original English version of this License, the original English version will prevail. 9. TERMINATION You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance. 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'. Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents ---------------------------------------------------- To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of the License in the document and put the following copyright and license notices just after the title page: Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''. If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections" instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts. If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit their use in free software.  File: groff, Node: Request Index, Next: Escape Index, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top Request Index ************* Requests appear without the leading control character (normally either `.' or `''). * Menu: * ab: Debugging. * ad: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting. * af: Assigning Formats. * aln: Setting Registers. * als: Strings. * am: Writing Macros. * am1: Writing Macros. * ami: Writing Macros. * as: Strings. * as1: Strings. * asciify: Diversions. * backtrace: Debugging. * bd: Artificial Fonts. * blm: Blank Line Traps. * box: Diversions. * boxa: Diversions. * bp: Page Control. * br: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting. * break: while. * brp: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting. * c2: Character Translations. * cc: Character Translations. * ce: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting. * cf: I/O. * cflags: Using Symbols. * ch: Page Location Traps. * char: Using Symbols. * chop: Strings. * close: I/O. * color: Colors. * composite: Using Symbols. * continue: while. * cp: Implementation Differences. * cs: Artificial Fonts. * cu: Artificial Fonts. * da: Diversions. * de: Writing Macros. * de1: Writing Macros. * defcolor: Colors. * dei: Writing Macros. * di: Diversions. * do: Implementation Differences. * ds: Strings. * ds1: Strings. * dt: Diversion Traps. * ec: Character Translations. * ecr: Character Translations. * ecs: Character Translations. * el: if-else. * em: End-of-input Traps. * eo: Character Translations. * ev: Environments. * evc: Environments. * ex: Debugging. * fam: Font Families. * fc: Fields. * fchar: Using Symbols. * fi: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting. * fl: Debugging. * fp: Font Positions. * fschar: Using Symbols. * fspecial: Special Fonts. * ft <1>: Font Positions. * ft: Changing Fonts. * ftr: Changing Fonts. * hc: Manipulating Hyphenation. * hcode: Manipulating Hyphenation. * hla: Manipulating Hyphenation. * hlm: Manipulating Hyphenation. * hpf: Manipulating Hyphenation. * hpfa: Manipulating Hyphenation. * hpfcode: Manipulating Hyphenation. * hw: Manipulating Hyphenation. * hy: Manipulating Hyphenation. * hym: Manipulating Hyphenation. * hys: Manipulating Hyphenation. * ie: if-else. * if: if-else. * ig: Comments. * in: Line Layout. * it: Input Line Traps. * itc: Input Line Traps. * kern: Ligatures and Kerning. * lc: Leaders. * length: Strings. * lf: Debugging. * lg: Ligatures and Kerning. * linetabs: Tabs and Fields. * ll: Line Layout. * ls: Manipulating Spacing. * lt: Page Layout. * mc: Miscellaneous. * mk: Page Motions. * mso: I/O. * na: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting. * ne: Page Control. * nf: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting. * nh: Manipulating Hyphenation. * nm: Miscellaneous. * nn: Miscellaneous. * nop: if-else. * nr <1>: Auto-increment. * nr: Setting Registers. * nroff: Troff and Nroff Mode. * ns: Manipulating Spacing. * nx: I/O. * open: I/O. * opena: I/O. * os: Page Control. * output: Diversions. * pc: Page Layout. * pi: I/O. * pl: Page Layout. * pm: Debugging. * pn: Page Layout. * pnr: Debugging. * po: Line Layout. * ps: Changing Type Sizes. * psbb: Miscellaneous. * pso: I/O. * ptr: Debugging. * pvs: Changing Type Sizes. * rchar: Using Symbols. * rd: I/O. * return: Writing Macros. * rfschar: Using Symbols. * rj: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting. * rm: Strings. * rn: Strings. * rnn: Setting Registers. * rr: Setting Registers. * rs: Manipulating Spacing. * rt: Page Motions. * schar: Using Symbols. * shc: Manipulating Hyphenation. * shift: Parameters. * sizes: Changing Type Sizes. * so: I/O. * sp: Manipulating Spacing. * special: Special Fonts. * spreadwarn: Debugging. * ss: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting. * sty: Font Families. * substring: Strings. * sv: Page Control. * sy: I/O. * ta: Tabs and Fields. * tc: Tabs and Fields. * ti: Line Layout. * tkf: Ligatures and Kerning. * tl: Page Layout. * tm: Debugging. * tm1: Debugging. * tmc: Debugging. * tr: Character Translations. * trf: I/O. * trin: Character Translations. * trnt: Character Translations. * troff: Troff and Nroff Mode. * uf: Artificial Fonts. * ul: Artificial Fonts. * unformat: Diversions. * vpt: Page Location Traps. * vs: Changing Type Sizes. * warn: Debugging. * warnscale: Debugging. * wh: Page Location Traps. * while: while. * write: I/O. * writec: I/O. * writem: I/O.  File: groff, Node: Escape Index, Next: Operator Index, Prev: Request Index, Up: Top Escape Index ************ Any escape sequence `\X' with X not in the list below emits a warning, printing glyph X. * Menu: * \: Using Symbols. * \!: Diversions. * \": Comments. * \#: Comments. * \$: Parameters. * \$*: Parameters. * \$0: Parameters. * \$@: Parameters. * \%: Manipulating Hyphenation. * \&: Ligatures and Kerning. * \': Using Symbols. * \): Ligatures and Kerning. * \*: Strings. * \,: Ligatures and Kerning. * \-: Using Symbols. * \.: Character Translations. * \/: Ligatures and Kerning. * \0: Page Motions. * \: Manipulating Hyphenation. * \: Line Control. * \: Page Motions. * \?: Diversions. * \\: Character Translations. * \^: Page Motions. * \`: Using Symbols. * \a: Leaders. * \A: Identifiers. * \b: Drawing Requests. * \B: Expressions. * \C: Using Symbols. * \c: Line Control. * \D: Drawing Requests. * \d: Page Motions. * \E: Character Translations. * \e: Character Translations. * \f: Font Positions. * \F: Font Families. * \f: Changing Fonts. * \g: Assigning Formats. * \h: Page Motions. * \H: Artificial Fonts. * \k: Page Motions. * \L: Drawing Requests. * \l: Drawing Requests. * \M: Colors. * \m: Colors. * \N: Using Symbols. * \n <1>: Auto-increment. * \n: Interpolating Registers. * \O: Suppressing output. * \o: Page Motions. * \p: Manipulating Filling and Adjusting. * \r: Page Motions. * \R: Setting Registers. * \s: Changing Type Sizes. * \S: Artificial Fonts. * \t: Tabs and Fields. * \u: Page Motions. * \V: I/O. * \v: Page Motions. * \w: Page Motions. * \X: Postprocessor Access. * \x: Manipulating Spacing. * \Y: Postprocessor Access. * \Z: Page Motions. * \z: Page Motions. * \{: if-else. * \|: Page Motions. * \}: if-else. * \~: Page Motions.  File: groff, Node: Operator Index, Next: Register Index, Prev: Escape Index, Up: Top Operator Index ************** * Menu: * !: Expressions. * %: Expressions. * &: Expressions. * (: Expressions. * ): Expressions. * *: Expressions. * +: Expressions. * -: Expressions. * /: Expressions. * <: Expressions. * <=: Expressions. * : Expressions. * =: Expressions. * ==: Expressions. * >: Expressions. * >=: Expressions. * >?: Expressions.