Use more markup, use more appropriate markup. Improve wording.
Sort options and sections. Make ready for HTML output. Fix xref. Add -0 to SYNOPSIS.
This commit is contained in:
parent
61e7e15ed9
commit
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@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
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.\" $NetBSD: file.1,v 1.3 2009/05/08 17:34:34 christos Exp $
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.\" $NetBSD: file.1,v 1.4 2009/05/08 21:45:52 wiz Exp $
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.\"
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.\" $File: file.man,v 1.79 2008/11/06 22:49:08 rrt Exp $
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.Dd October 9, 2008
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@ -9,18 +9,18 @@
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.Nd determine file type
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.Sh SYNOPSIS
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.Nm
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.Op Fl bchikLnNprsvz
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.Op Fl -mime-type
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.Op Fl -mime-encoding
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.Op Fl f Ar namefile
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.Op Fl 0bchikLNnprsvz
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.Op Fl F Ar separator
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.Op Fl f Ar namefile
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.Op Fl m Ar magicfiles
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.Op Fl Fl mime-encoding
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.Op Fl Fl mime-type
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.Ar file
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.Nm
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.Fl C
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.Op Fl m Ar magicfile
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.Nm
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.Op Fl -help
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.Op Fl Fl help
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.Sh DESCRIPTION
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This manual page documents version 5.03 of the
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.Nm
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@ -44,12 +44,12 @@ terminal),
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.Em executable
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(the file contains the result of compiling a program
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in a form understandable to some
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.Dv UNIX
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.Tn UNIX
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kernel or another),
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or
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.Em data
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meaning anything else (data is usually
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.Sq binary
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.Dq binary
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or non-printable).
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Exceptions are well-known file formats (core files, tar archives)
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that are known to contain binary data.
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@ -57,12 +57,12 @@ When modifying magic files or the program itself, make sure to
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.Em "preserve these keywords" .
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Users depend on knowing that all the readable files in a directory
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have the word
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.Sq text
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.Dq text
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printed.
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Don't do as Berkeley did and change
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.Sq shell commands text
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.Dq shell commands text
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to
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.Sq shell script .
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.Dq shell script .
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.Pp
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The filesystem tests are based on examining the return from a
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.Xr stat 2
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@ -72,8 +72,7 @@ or if it's some sort of special file.
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Any known file types appropriate to the system you are running on
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(sockets, symbolic links, or named pipes (FIFOs) on those systems that
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implement them)
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are intuited if they are defined in
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the system header file
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are intuited if they are defined in the system header file
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.In sys/stat.h .
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.Pp
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The magic tests are used to check for files with data in
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|
@ -87,13 +86,14 @@ and possibly
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.In exec.h
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in the standard include directory.
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These files have a
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.Sq "magic number"
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.Dq "magic number"
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stored in a particular place
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near the beginning of the file that tells the
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.Dv UNIX operating system
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.Tn UNIX
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operating system
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that the file is a binary executable, and which of several types thereof.
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The concept of a
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.Sq "magic"
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.Dq "magic"
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has been applied by extension to data files.
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Any file with some invariant identifier at a small fixed
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offset into the file can usually be described in this way.
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@ -102,7 +102,8 @@ magic file
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.Pa /usr/share/misc/magic.mgc ,
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or the files in the directory
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.Pa /usr/share/misc/magic
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if the compiled file does not exist. In addition, if
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if the compiled file does not exist.
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In addition, if
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.Pa $HOME/.magic.mgc
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or
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.Pa $HOME/.magic
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@ -119,10 +120,10 @@ in each set.
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If a file passes any of these tests, its character set is reported.
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ASCII, ISO-8859-x, UTF-8, and extended-ASCII files are identified
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as
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.Sq text
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.Dq text
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because they will be mostly readable on nearly any terminal;
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UTF-16 and EBCDIC are only
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.Sq character data
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.Dq character data
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because, while
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they contain text, it is text that will require translation
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before it can be read.
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@ -140,8 +141,8 @@ has determined the character set used in a text-type file,
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it will
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attempt to determine in what language the file is written.
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The language tests look for particular strings (cf.
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.In names.h
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) that can appear anywhere in the first few blocks of a file.
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.In names.h )
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that can appear anywhere in the first few blocks of a file.
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For example, the keyword
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.Em .br
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indicates that the file is most likely a
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|
@ -158,32 +159,41 @@ archives).
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.Pp
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Any file that cannot be identified as having been written
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in any of the character sets listed above is simply said to be
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.Sq data .
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.Dq data .
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.Sh OPTIONS
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.Bl -tag -width indent
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.It Fl b , -brief
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.It Fl 0 , -print0
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Output a null character
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.Sq \e0
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after the end of the filename.
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Nice to
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.Xr cut 1
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the output.
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This does not affect the separator which is still printed.
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.It Fl b , Fl Fl brief
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Do not prepend filenames to output lines (brief mode).
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.It Fl c , -checking-printout
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.It Fl c , Fl Fl checking-printout
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Cause a checking printout of the parsed form of the magic file.
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This is usually used in conjunction with the
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.Fl m
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flag to debug a new magic file before installing it.
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.It Fl C , -compile
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.It Fl C , Fl Fl compile
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Write a
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.Pa magic.mgc
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output file that contains a pre-parsed version of the magic file or directory.
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.It Fl e , -exclude Ar testname
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.It Fl e , Fl Fl exclude Ar testname
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Exclude the test named in
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.Ar testname
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from the list of tests made to determine the file type. Valid test names
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are:
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from the list of tests made to determine the file type.
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Valid test names are:
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.Bl -tag -width compress
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.It apptype
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.Dv EMX
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application type (only on EMX).
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.It text
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Various types of text files (this test will try to guess the text encoding, irrespective of the setting of the
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.Sq encoding
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Various types of text files (this test will try to guess the text
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encoding, irrespective of the setting of the
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.Dq encoding
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option).
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.It encoding
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Different text encodings for soft magic tests.
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@ -200,7 +210,12 @@ Consults magic files.
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.It tar
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Examines tar files.
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.El
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.It Fl f , -files-from Ar namefile
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.It Fl F , Fl Fl separator Ar separator
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Use the specified string as the separator between the filename and the
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file result returned.
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Defaults to
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.Sq \&: .
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.It Fl f , Fl Fl files-from Ar namefile
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Read the names of the files to be examined from
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.Ar namefile
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(one per line)
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@ -211,71 +226,77 @@ or at least one filename argument must be present;
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to test the standard input, use
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.Sq -
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as a filename argument.
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.It Fl F , -separator Ar separator
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Use the specified string as the separator between the filename and the
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file result returned. Defaults to
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.Sq \&: .
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.It Fl h , -no-dereference
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option causes symlinks not to be followed
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(on systems that support symbolic links). This is the default if the
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environment variable
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.Dv POSIXLY_CORRECT
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.It Fl h , Fl Fl no-dereference
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Do not follow symlinks
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(on systems that support symbolic links).
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This is the default if the environment variable
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.Ev POSIXLY_CORRECT
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is not defined.
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.It Fl i , -mime
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Causes the file command to output mime type strings rather than the more
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traditional human readable ones. Thus it may say
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.Sq text/plain; charset=us-ascii
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.It Fl Fl help
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Print a help message and exit.
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.It Fl i , Fl Fl mime
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Output mime type strings rather than the more
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traditional human readable ones.
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Thus
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.Nm
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may say
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.Dq text/plain; charset=us-ascii
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rather than
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.Sq ASCII text .
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In order for this option to work, file changes the way
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.Dq ASCII text .
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In order for this option to work,
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.Nm
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changes the way
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it handles files recognized by the command itself (such as many of the
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text file types, directories etc), and makes use of an alternative
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.Sq magic
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.Dq magic
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file.
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(See the FILES section, below).
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.It Fl -mime-type , -mime-encoding
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(See the
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.Sx FILES
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section, below).
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.It Fl Fl mime-type , Fl Fl mime-encoding
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Like
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.Fl i ,
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but print only the specified element(s).
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.It Fl k , -keep-going
|
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Don't stop at the first match, keep going. Subsequent matches will be
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have the string
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.Sq "\[rs]012\- "
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.It Fl k , Fl Fl keep-going
|
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Don't stop at the first match, keep going.
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Subsequent matches will have the string
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.Dq "\[rs]012\- "
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prepended.
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(If you want a newline, see the
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.Sq "\-r"
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.Fl r
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option.)
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.It Fl L , -dereference
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option causes symlinks to be followed, as the like-named option in
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.It Fl L , Fl Fl dereference
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Follow symlinks, as the like-named option in
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.Xr ls 1
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(on systems that support symbolic links).
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This is the default if the environment variable
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.Dv POSIXLY_CORRECT
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.Ev POSIXLY_CORRECT
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is defined.
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.It Fl m , -magic-file Ar list
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.It Fl m , Fl Fl magic-file Ar list
|
||||
Specify an alternate list of files and directories containing magic.
|
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This can be a single item, or a colon-separated list.
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If a compiled magic file is found alongside a file or directory, it will be used instead.
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.It Fl n , -no-buffer
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If a compiled magic file is found alongside a file or directory,
|
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it will be used instead.
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.It Fl N , Fl Fl no-pad
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Don't pad filenames so that they align in the output.
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.It Fl n , Fl Fl no-buffer
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Force stdout to be flushed after checking each file.
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This is only useful if checking a list of files.
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It is intended to be used by programs that want filetype output from a pipe.
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.It Fl N , -no-pad
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Don't pad filenames so that they align in the output.
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.It Fl p , -preserve-date
|
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.It Fl p , Fl Fl preserve-date
|
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On systems that support
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.Xr utime 2
|
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.Xr utime 3
|
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or
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.Xr utimes 2 ,
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attempt to preserve the access time of files analyzed, to pretend that
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.Nm
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never read them.
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.It Fl r , -raw
|
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.It Fl r , Fl Fl raw
|
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Don't translate unprintable characters to \eooo.
|
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Normally
|
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.Nm
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translates unprintable characters to their octal representation.
|
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.It Fl s , -special-files
|
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.It Fl s , Fl Fl special-files
|
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Normally,
|
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.Nm
|
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only attempts to read and determine the type of argument files which
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|
@ -295,29 +316,17 @@ This option also causes
|
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to disregard the file size as reported by
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.Xr stat 2
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since on some systems it reports a zero size for raw disk partitions.
|
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.It Fl v , -version
|
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.It Fl v , Fl Fl version
|
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Print the version of the program and exit.
|
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.It Fl z , -uncompress
|
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.It Fl z , Fl Fl uncompress
|
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Try to look inside compressed files.
|
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.It Fl 0 , -print0
|
||||
Output a null character
|
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.Sq \e0
|
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after the end of the filename. Nice to
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.Xr cut 1
|
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the output. This does not affect the separator which is still printed.
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.It Fl -help
|
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Print a help message and exit.
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.El
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.Sh FILES
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.Bl -tag -width /usr/share/misc/magic.mgc -compact
|
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.It Pa /usr/share/misc/magic.mgc
|
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Default compiled list of magic.
|
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.It Pa /usr/share/misc/magic
|
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Directory containing default magic files.
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.El
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.Sh RETURN VALUES
|
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.Nm
|
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returns 0 on success, and non-zero on error.
|
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.Sh ENVIRONMENT
|
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The environment variable
|
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.Dv MAGIC
|
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.Ev MAGIC
|
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can be used to set the default magic file name.
|
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If that variable is set, then
|
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.Nm
|
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|
@ -325,89 +334,28 @@ will not attempt to open
|
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.Pa $HOME/.magic .
|
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.Nm
|
||||
adds
|
||||
.Sq .mgc
|
||||
.Dq Pa .mgc
|
||||
to the value of this variable as appropriate.
|
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The environment variable
|
||||
.Dv POSIXLY_CORRECT
|
||||
.Ev POSIXLY_CORRECT
|
||||
controls (on systems that support symbolic links), whether
|
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.Nm
|
||||
will attempt to follow symlinks or not. If set, then
|
||||
will attempt to follow symlinks or not.
|
||||
If set, then
|
||||
.Nm
|
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follows symlink, otherwise it does not. This is also controlled
|
||||
by the
|
||||
follows symlink, otherwise it does not.
|
||||
This is also controlled by the
|
||||
.Fl L
|
||||
and
|
||||
.Fl h
|
||||
options.
|
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.Sh SEE ALSO
|
||||
.Xr magic 5 ,
|
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.Xr strings 1 ,
|
||||
.Xr od 1 ,
|
||||
.Xr hexdump 1,
|
||||
.Xr file 1posix
|
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.Sh STANDARDS CONFORMANCE
|
||||
This program is believed to exceed the System V Interface Definition
|
||||
of FILE(CMD), as near as one can determine from the vague language
|
||||
contained therein.
|
||||
Its behavior is mostly compatible with the System V program of the same name.
|
||||
This version knows more magic, however, so it will produce
|
||||
different (albeit more accurate) output in many cases.
|
||||
.\" URL: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/file.html
|
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.Pp
|
||||
The one significant difference
|
||||
between this version and System V
|
||||
is that this version treats any white space
|
||||
as a delimiter, so that spaces in pattern strings must be escaped.
|
||||
For example,
|
||||
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||||
>10 string language impress\ (imPRESS data)
|
||||
.Ed
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
in an existing magic file would have to be changed to
|
||||
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||||
>10 string language\e impress (imPRESS data)
|
||||
.Ed
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
In addition, in this version, if a pattern string contains a backslash,
|
||||
it must be escaped.
|
||||
For example
|
||||
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||||
0 string \ebegindata Andrew Toolkit document
|
||||
.Ed
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
in an existing magic file would have to be changed to
|
||||
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||||
0 string \e\ebegindata Andrew Toolkit document
|
||||
.Ed
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
SunOS releases 3.2 and later from Sun Microsystems include a
|
||||
.Nm
|
||||
command derived from the System V one, but with some extensions.
|
||||
My version differs from Sun's only in minor ways.
|
||||
It includes the extension of the
|
||||
.Sq &
|
||||
operator, used as,
|
||||
for example,
|
||||
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||||
>16 long&0x7fffffff >0 not stripped
|
||||
.Ed
|
||||
.Sh MAGIC DIRECTORY
|
||||
The magic file entries have been collected from various sources,
|
||||
mainly USENET, and contributed by various authors.
|
||||
Christos Zoulas (address below) will collect additional
|
||||
or corrected magic file entries.
|
||||
A consolidation of magic file entries
|
||||
will be distributed periodically.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
The order of entries in the magic file is significant.
|
||||
Depending on what system you are using, the order that
|
||||
they are put together may be incorrect.
|
||||
If your old
|
||||
.Nm
|
||||
command uses a magic file,
|
||||
keep the old magic file around for comparison purposes
|
||||
(rename it to
|
||||
.Pa /usr/share/misc/magic.orig ).
|
||||
.Sh FILES
|
||||
.Bl -tag -width /usr/share/misc/magic.mgc -compact
|
||||
.It Pa /usr/share/misc/magic.mgc
|
||||
Default compiled list of magic.
|
||||
.It Pa /usr/share/misc/magic
|
||||
Directory containing default magic files.
|
||||
.El
|
||||
.Sh EXAMPLES
|
||||
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||||
$ file file.c file /dev/{wd0a,hda}
|
||||
|
@ -441,6 +389,74 @@ file: application/x-executable
|
|||
/dev/wd0a: application/x-not-regular-file
|
||||
|
||||
.Ed
|
||||
.Sh SEE ALSO
|
||||
.Xr hexdump 1 ,
|
||||
.Xr od 1 ,
|
||||
.Xr strings 1 ,
|
||||
.Xr magic 5
|
||||
.Sh STANDARDS
|
||||
This program is believed to exceed the System V Interface Definition
|
||||
of FILE(CMD), as near as one can determine from the vague language
|
||||
contained therein.
|
||||
Its behavior is mostly compatible with the System V program of the same name.
|
||||
This version knows more magic, however, so it will produce
|
||||
different (albeit more accurate) output in many cases.
|
||||
.\" URL: http://www.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/utilities/file.html
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
The one significant difference
|
||||
between this version and System V
|
||||
is that this version treats any white space
|
||||
as a delimiter, so that spaces in pattern strings must be escaped.
|
||||
For example,
|
||||
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||||
\*[Gt]10 string language impress\ (imPRESS data)
|
||||
.Ed
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
in an existing magic file would have to be changed to
|
||||
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||||
\*[Gt]10 string language\e impress (imPRESS data)
|
||||
.Ed
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
In addition, in this version, if a pattern string contains a backslash,
|
||||
it must be escaped.
|
||||
For example
|
||||
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||||
0 string \ebegindata Andrew Toolkit document
|
||||
.Ed
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
in an existing magic file would have to be changed to
|
||||
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||||
0 string \e\ebegindata Andrew Toolkit document
|
||||
.Ed
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
SunOS releases 3.2 and later from Sun Microsystems include a
|
||||
.Nm
|
||||
command derived from the System V one, but with some extensions.
|
||||
This version differs from Sun's only in minor ways.
|
||||
It includes the extension of the
|
||||
.Sq \*[Am]
|
||||
operator, used as,
|
||||
for example,
|
||||
.Bd -literal -offset indent
|
||||
\*[Gt]16 long\*[Am]0x7fffffff \*[Gt]0 not stripped
|
||||
.Ed
|
||||
.Sh MAGIC DIRECTORY
|
||||
The magic file entries have been collected from various sources,
|
||||
mainly USENET, and contributed by various authors.
|
||||
Christos Zoulas (address below) will collect additional
|
||||
or corrected magic file entries.
|
||||
A consolidation of magic file entries
|
||||
will be distributed periodically.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
The order of entries in the magic file is significant.
|
||||
Depending on what system you are using, the order that
|
||||
they are put together may be incorrect.
|
||||
If your old
|
||||
.Nm
|
||||
command uses a magic file,
|
||||
keep the old magic file around for comparison purposes
|
||||
(rename it to
|
||||
.Pa /usr/share/misc/magic.orig ) .
|
||||
.Sh HISTORY
|
||||
There has been a
|
||||
.Nm
|
||||
|
@ -452,19 +468,23 @@ the external list of magic types.
|
|||
This slowed the program down slightly but made it a lot more flexible.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
This program, based on the System V version,
|
||||
was written by Ian Darwin <ian@darwinsys.com>
|
||||
was written by Ian Darwin
|
||||
.Aq ian@darwinsys.com
|
||||
without looking at anybody else's source code.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
John Gilmore revised the code extensively, making it better than
|
||||
the first version.
|
||||
Geoff Collyer found several inadequacies
|
||||
and provided some magic file entries.
|
||||
Contributions by the `&' operator by Rob McMahon, cudcv@warwick.ac.uk, 1989.
|
||||
Contributions by the
|
||||
.Sq \*[Am]
|
||||
operator by Rob McMahon, cudcv@warwick.ac.uk, 1989.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
Guy Harris, guy@netapp.com, made many changes from 1993 to the present.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
Primary development and maintenance from 1990 to the present by
|
||||
Christos Zoulas (christos@astron.com).
|
||||
Christos Zoulas
|
||||
.Aq christos@astron.com .
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
Altered by Chris Lowth, chris@lowth.com, 2000:
|
||||
Handle the
|
||||
|
@ -472,11 +492,15 @@ Handle the
|
|||
option to output mime type strings, using an alternative
|
||||
magic file and internal logic.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
Altered by Eric Fischer (enf@pobox.com), July, 2000,
|
||||
Altered by Eric Fischer
|
||||
.Aq enf@pobox.com ,
|
||||
July, 2000,
|
||||
to identify character codes and attempt to identify the languages
|
||||
of non-ASCII files.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
Altered by Reuben Thomas (rrt@sc3d.org), 2007 to 2008, to improve MIME
|
||||
Altered by Reuben Thomas
|
||||
.Aq rrt@sc3d.org ,
|
||||
2007 to 2008, to improve MIME
|
||||
support and merge MIME and non-MIME magic, support directories as well
|
||||
as files of magic, apply many bug fixes and improve the build system.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
|
@ -492,23 +516,20 @@ Covered by the standard Berkeley Software Distribution copyright; see the file
|
|||
LEGAL.NOTICE in the source distribution.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
The files
|
||||
.Dv tar.h
|
||||
.Pa tar.h
|
||||
and
|
||||
.Dv is_tar.c
|
||||
.Pa is_tar.c
|
||||
were written by John Gilmore from his public-domain
|
||||
.Xr tar 1
|
||||
program, and are not covered by the above license.
|
||||
.Sh BUGS
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
There must be a better way to automate the construction of the Magic
|
||||
file from all the glop in Magdir.
|
||||
What is it?
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
.Nm
|
||||
uses several algorithms that favor speed over accuracy,
|
||||
thus it can be misled about the contents of
|
||||
text
|
||||
files.
|
||||
thus it can be misled about the contents of text files.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
The support for text files (primarily for programming languages)
|
||||
is simplistic, inefficient and requires recompilation to update.
|
||||
|
@ -524,8 +545,7 @@ Complain about conflicts in the magic file entries.
|
|||
Make a rule that the magic entries sort based on file offset rather
|
||||
than position within the magic file?
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
The program should provide a way to give an estimate
|
||||
of
|
||||
The program should provide a way to give an estimate of
|
||||
.Sq how good
|
||||
a guess is.
|
||||
We end up removing guesses (e.g.
|
||||
|
@ -534,18 +554,14 @@ as first 5 chars of file) because
|
|||
they are not as good as other guesses (e.g.
|
||||
.Sq Newsgroups:
|
||||
versus
|
||||
.Sq Return-Path:
|
||||
).
|
||||
.Sq Return-Path: ) .
|
||||
Still, if the others don't pan out, it should be possible to use the
|
||||
first guess.
|
||||
.Pp
|
||||
This manual page, and particularly this section, is too long.
|
||||
.Sh RETURN CODE
|
||||
.Nm
|
||||
returns 0 on success, and non-zero on error.
|
||||
.Sh AVAILABILITY
|
||||
You can obtain the original author's latest version by anonymous FTP
|
||||
on
|
||||
.Dv ftp.astron.com
|
||||
.Pa ftp.astron.com
|
||||
in the directory
|
||||
.Dv /pub/file/file-X.YZ.tar.gz
|
||||
.Pa /pub/file/file-X.YZ.tar.gz .
|
||||
|
|
Loading…
Reference in New Issue