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SED(1) UNIX Reference Manual SED(1)
NNAAMMEE
sseedd - stream editor
SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
sseedd [--aann] _c_o_m_m_a_n_d [_f_i_l_e ...]
sseedd [--aann] [--ee _c_o_m_m_a_n_d] [--ff _c_o_m_m_a_n_d__f_i_l_e] [_f_i_l_e ...]
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
The sseedd utility reads the specified files, or the standard input if no
files are specified, modifying the input as specified by a list of com-
mands. The input is then written to the standard output.
A single command may be specified as the first argument to sseedd. Multiple
commands may be specified by using the --ee or --ff options. All commands
are applied to the input in the order they are specified regardless of
their origin.
The following options are available:
--aa The files listed as parameters for the ``w'' functions are creat-
ed (or truncated) before any processing begins, by default. The
--aa option causes sseedd to delay opening each file until a command
containing the related ``w'' function is applied to a line of in-
put.
--ee _c_o_m_m_a_n_d
Append the editing commands specified by the _c_o_m_m_a_n_d argument to
the list of commands.
--ff _c_o_m_m_a_n_d__f_i_l_e
Append the editing commands found in the file _c_o_m_m_a_n_d__f_i_l_e to the
list of commands. The editing commands should each be listed on
a separate line.
--nn By default, each line of input is echoed to the standard output
after all of the commands have been applied to it. The --nn option
suppresses this behavior.
The form of a sseedd command is as follows:
[address[,address]]function[arguments]
Whitespace may be inserted before the first address and the function por-
tions of the command.
Normally, sseedd cyclically copies a line of input, not including its termi-
nating newline character, into a _p_a_t_t_e_r_n _s_p_a_c_e, (unless there is some-
thing left after a ``D'' function), applies all of the commands with ad-
dresses that select that pattern space, copies the pattern space to the
standard output, appending a newline, and deletes the pattern space.
Some of the functions use a _h_o_l_d _s_p_a_c_e to save all or part of the pattern
space for subsequent retrieval.
SSeedd AAddddrreesssseess
An address is not required, but if specified must be a number (that
counts input lines cumulatively across input files), a dollar (``$'')
character that addresses the last line of input, or a context address
(which consists of a regular expression preceded and followed by a delim-
iter).
A command line with no addresses selects every pattern space.
A command line with one address selects all of the pattern spaces that
match the address.
A command line with two addresses selects the inclusive range from the
first pattern space that matches the first address through the next pat-
tern space that matches the second. (If the second address is a number
less than or equal to the line number first selected, only that line is
selected.) Starting at the first line following the selected range, sseedd
starts looking again for the first address.
Editing commands can be applied to non-selected pattern spaces by use of
the exclamation character (``!'') function.
SSeedd RReegguullaarr EExxpprreessssiioonnss
The sseedd regular expressions are basic regular expressions (BRE's, see
regex(3) for more information). In addition, sseedd has the following two
additions to BRE's:
1. In a context address, any character other than a backslash (``\'')
or newline character may be used to delimit the regular expression.
Also, putting a backslash character before the delimiting character
causes the character to be treated literally. For example, in the
context address \xabc\xdefx, the RE delimiter is an ``x'' and the
second ``x'' stands for itself, so that the regular expression is
``abcxdef''.
2. The escape sequence \n matches a newline character embedded in the
pattern space. You can't, however, use a literal newline character
in an address or in the substitute command.
One special feature of sseedd regular expressions is that they can default
to the last regular expression used. If a regular expression is empty,
i.e. just the delimiter characters are specified, the last regular ex-
pression encountered is used instead. The last regular expression is de-
fined as the last regular expression used as part of an address or sub-
stitute command, and at run-time, not compile-time. For example, the
command ``/abc/s//XXX/'' will substitute ``XXX'' for the pattern ``abc''.
SSeedd FFuunnccttiioonnss
In the following list of commands, the maximum number of permissible ad-
dresses for each command is indicated by [0addr], [1addr], or [2addr],
representing zero, one, or two addresses.
The argument _t_e_x_t consists of one or more lines. To embed a newline in
the text, precede it with a backslash. Other backslashes in text are
deleted and the following character taken literally.
The ``r'' and ``w'' functions take an optional file parameter, which
should be separated from the function letter by white space. Each file
given as an argument to sseedd is created (or its contents truncated) before
any input processing begins.
The ``b'', ``r'', ``s'', ``t'', ``w'', ``y'', ``!'', and ``:'' functions
all accept additional arguments. The following synopses indicate which
arguments have to be separated from the function letters by white space
characters.
Two of the functions take a function-list. This is a list of sseedd func-
tions separated by newlines, as follows:
{ function
function
...
function
}
The ``{'' can be preceded by white space and can be followed by white
space. The function can be preceded by white space. The terminating
``}'' must be preceded by a newline an optional white space.
[2addr] function-list
Execute function-list only when the pattern space is selected.
[1addr]a\
text
Write _t_e_x_t to standard output immediately before each attempt to
read a line of input, whether by executing the ``N'' function or
by beginning a new cycle.
[2addr]b[lable]
Branch to the ``:'' function with the specified label. If the
label is not specified, branch to the end of the script.
[2addr]c\
text
Delete the pattern space. With 0 or 1 address or at the end of a
2-address range, _t_e_x_t is written to the standard output.
[2addr]d
Delete the pattern space and start the next cycle.
[2addr]D
Delete the initial segment of the pattern space through the first
newline character and start the next cycle.
[2addr]g
Replace the contents of the pattern space with the contents of
the hold space.
[2addr]G
Append a newline character followed by the contents of the hold
space to the pattern space.
[2addr]h
Replace the contents of the hold space with the contents of the
pattern space.
[2addr]H
Append a newline character followed by the contents of the pat-
tern space to the hold space.
[1addr]i\
text
Write _t_e_x_t to the standard output.
[2addr]l
(The letter ell.) Write the pattern space to the standard output
in a visually unambiguous form. This form is as follows:
backslash \
alert \a
form-feed \f
newline \n
carriage-return \r
tab \t
vertical tab \v
Nonprintable characters are written as three-digit octal numbers
(with a preceding backslash) for each byte in the character (most
significant byte first). Long lines are folded, with the point
of folding indicated by displaying a backslash followed by a new-
line. The end of each line is marked with a ``$''.
[2addr]n
Write the pattern space to the standard output if the default
output has not been suppressed, and replace the pattern space
with the next line of input.
[2addr]N
Append the next line of input to the pattern space, using an em-
bedded newline character to separate the appended material from
the original contents. Note that the current line number
changes.
[2addr]p
Write the pattern space to standard output.
[2addr]P
Write the pattern space, up to the first newline character to the
standard output.
[1addr]q
Branch to the end of the script and quit without starting a new
cycle.
[1addr]r file
Copy the contents of _f_i_l_e to the standard output immediately be-
fore the next attempt to read a line of input. If _f_i_l_e cannot be
read for any reason, it is silently ignored and no error condi-
tion is set.
[2addr]s/regular expression/replacement/flags
Substitute the replacement string for the first instance of the
regular expression in the pattern space. Any character other
than backslash or newline can be used instead of a slash to de-
limit the RE and the replacement. Within the RE and the replace-
ment, the RE delimiter itself can be used as a literal character
if it is preceded by a backslash.
An ampersand (``&'') appearing in the replacement is replaced by
the string matching the RE. The special meaning of ``&'' in this
context can be suppressed by preceding it by backslash. The
string ``\#'', where ``#'' is a digit, is replaced by the text
matched by the corresponding backreference expression (see
re_format(7)).
A line can be split by substituting a newline character into it.
To specify a newline character in the replacement string, precede
it with a backslash.
The value of _f_l_a_g_s in the substitute function is zero or more of
the following:
0 ... 9
Make the substitution only for the N'th occurrence
of the regular expression in the pattern space.
g Make the substitution for all non-overlapping
matches of the regular expression, not just the
first one.
p Write the pattern space to standard output if a re-
placement was made. If the replacement string is
identical to that which it replaces, it is still
considered to have been a replacement.
w _f_i_l_e Append the pattern space to _f_i_l_e if a replacement
was made. If the replacement string is identical
to that which it replaces, it is still considered
to have been a replacement.
[2addr]t [label]
Branch to the ``'': function bearing the label if any substitu-
tions have been made since the most recent reading of an input
line or execution of a ``t'' function. If no label is specified,
branch to the end of the script.
[2addr]w _f_i_l_e
Append the pattern space to the _f_i_l_e.
[2addr]x
Swap the contents of the pattern and hold spaces.
[2addr]y/string1/string2/
Replace all occurrences of characters in _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 in the pattern
space with the corresponding characters from _s_t_r_i_n_g_2. Any charac-
ter other than a backslash or newline can be used instead of a
slash to delimit the strings. Within _s_t_r_i_n_g_1 and _s_t_r_i_n_g_2, the
delimiter itself can be used as a literal character if it is pre-
ceded by a backslash.
[2addr]!function
[2addr]!function-list
Apply the function or function-list only to the lines that are
_n_o_t selected by the address(es).
[0addr]:label
This function does nothing; it bears a label to which the ``b''
and ``t'' commands may branch.
[1addr]=
Write the line number to the standard output followed by a new-
line character.
[0addr]
Empty lines are ignored.
[0addr]#
The ``#'' and the remainder of the line are ignored (treated as a
comment), with the single exception that if the first two charac-
ters in the file are ``#n'', the default output is suppressed.
This is the same as specifying the --nn option on the command line.
The sseedd utility exits 0 on success and >0 if an error occurs.
SSEEEE AALLSSOO
awk(1), ed(1), grep(1), regex(3), re_format(7)
HHIISSTTOORRYY
A sseedd command appeared in Version 7 AT&T UNIX.
SSTTAANNDDAARRDDSS
The sseedd function is expected to be a superset of the IEEE Std1003.2
(``POSIX'') specification.
BSD Experimental August 24, 1992 6