2000-10-04 09:41:25 +04:00
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.rn '' }`
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'''
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'''
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.de Sh
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.br
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.PP
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'''
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'''
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''' Set up \*(-- to give an unbreakable dash;
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''' string Tr holds user defined translation string.
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''' Bell System Logo is used as a dummy character.
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'''
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.tr \(*W-|\(bv\*(Tr
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''' \*(M", \*(S", \*(N" and \*(T" are the equivalent of
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''' \*(L" and \*(R", except that they are used on ".xx" lines,
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''' such as .IP and .SH, which do another additional levels of
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''' double-quote interpretation
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.ds M" """
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'br\}
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.\" If the F register is turned on, we'll generate
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.\" index entries out stderr for the following things:
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.\" TH Title
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.\" SH Header
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.\" Sh Subsection
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.\" Ip Item
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.\" X<> Xref (embedded
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.\" Of course, you have to process the output yourself
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.\" in some meaninful fashion.
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.if \nF \{
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.de IX
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.tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2"
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..
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.nr % 0
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.rr F
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.\}
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2001-01-09 15:11:27 +03:00
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.TH PKCS8 1 "0.9.5a" "22/Jul/2000" "OpenSSL"
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2000-10-04 09:41:25 +04:00
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.UC
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.if n .hy 0
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.if n .na
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.ds C+ C\v'-.1v'\h'-1p'\s-2+\h'-1p'+\s0\v'.1v'\h'-1p'
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.de CQ \" put $1 in typewriter font
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.ft CW
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'if n "\c
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'if t \\&\\$1\c
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'if n \\&\\$1\c
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'if n \&"
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\\&\\$2 \\$3 \\$4 \\$5 \\$6 \\$7
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'.ft R
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..
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.\" @(#)ms.acc 1.5 88/02/08 SMI; from UCB 4.2
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. \" AM - accent mark definitions
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.bd B 3
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. \" fudge factors for nroff and troff
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.if n \{\
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. ds #H 0
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. ds #V .8m
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. ds #H ((1u-(\\\\n(.fu%2u))*.13m)
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. \" troff and (daisy-wheel) nroff accents
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. \" for low resolution devices (crt and lpr)
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.if \n(.H>23 .if \n(.V>19 \
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\{\
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.\}
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.rm #[ #] #H #V #F C
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.SH "NAME"
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pkcs8 \- PKCS#8 format private key conversion tool
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.SH "SYNOPSIS"
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\fBopenssl\fR \fBpkcs8\fR
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[\fB\-topk8\fR]
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[\fB\-inform PEM|DER\fR]
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[\fB\-outform PEM|DER\fR]
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[\fB\-in filename\fR]
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[\fB\-passin arg\fR]
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[\fB\-out filename\fR]
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[\fB\-passout arg\fR]
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[\fB\-noiter\fR]
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[\fB\-nocrypt\fR]
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[\fB\-nooct\fR]
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[\fB\-embed\fR]
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[\fB\-nsdb\fR]
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[\fB\-v2 alg\fR]
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[\fB\-v1 alg\fR]
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.SH "DESCRIPTION"
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The \fBpkcs8\fR command processes private keys in PKCS#8 format. It can handle
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both unencrypted PKCS#8 PrivateKeyInfo format and EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo
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format with a variety of PKCS#5 (v1.5 and v2.0) and PKCS#12 algorithms.
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.SH "COMMAND OPTIONS"
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.Ip "\fB\-topk8\fR" 4
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Normally a \s-1PKCS\s0#8 private key is expected on input and a traditional format
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private key will be written. With the \fB\-topk8\fR option the situation is
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reversed: it reads a traditional format private key and writes a \s-1PKCS\s0#8
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format key.
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.Ip "\fB\-inform \s-1DER\s0|\s-1PEM\s0\fR" 4
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This specifies the input format. If a \s-1PKCS\s0#8 format key is expected on input
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then either a \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR or \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR encoded version of a \s-1PKCS\s0#8 key will be
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expected. Otherwise the \fB\s-1DER\s0\fR or \fB\s-1PEM\s0\fR format of the traditional format
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private key is used.
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.Ip "\fB\-outform \s-1DER\s0|\s-1PEM\s0\fR" 4
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This specifies the output format, the options have the same meaning as the
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\fB\-inform\fR option.
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.Ip "\fB\-in filename\fR" 4
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This specifies the input filename to read a key from or standard input if this
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option is not specified. If the key is encrypted a pass phrase will be
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prompted for.
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.Ip "\fB\-passin arg\fR" 4
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the input file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
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see the \fB\s-1PASS\s0 \s-1PHRASE\s0 \s-1ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in the \fIopenssl(1)|openssl(1)\fR manpage.
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.Ip "\fB\-out filename\fR" 4
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This specifies the output filename to write a key to or standard output by
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default. If any encryption options are set then a pass phrase will be
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prompted for. The output filename should \fBnot\fR be the same as the input
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filename.
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.Ip "\fB\-passout arg\fR" 4
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the output file password source. For more information about the format of \fBarg\fR
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see the \fB\s-1PASS\s0 \s-1PHRASE\s0 \s-1ARGUMENTS\s0\fR section in the \fIopenssl(1)|openssl(1)\fR manpage.
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.Ip "\fB\-nocrypt\fR" 4
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\s-1PKCS\s0#8 keys generated or input are normally \s-1PKCS\s0#8 EncryptedPrivateKeyInfo
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structures using an appropriate password based encryption algorithm. With
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this option an unencrypted PrivateKeyInfo structure is expected or output.
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This option does not encrypt private keys at all and should only be used
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when absolutely necessary. Certain software such as some versions of Java
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code signing software used unencrypted private keys.
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.Ip "\fB\-nooct\fR" 4
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|
This option generates \s-1RSA\s0 private keys in a broken format that some software
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|
uses. Specifically the private key should be enclosed in a \s-1OCTET\s0 \s-1STRING\s0
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but some software just includes the structure itself without the
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surrounding \s-1OCTET\s0 \s-1STRING\s0.
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.Ip "\fB\-embed\fR" 4
|
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|
This option generates \s-1DSA\s0 keys in a broken format. The \s-1DSA\s0 parameters are
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|
embedded inside the PrivateKey structure. In this form the \s-1OCTET\s0 \s-1STRING\s0
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|
contains an \s-1ASN1\s0 \s-1SEQUENCE\s0 consisting of two structures: a \s-1SEQUENCE\s0 containing
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|
the parameters and an \s-1ASN1\s0 \s-1INTEGER\s0 containing the private key.
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.Ip "\fB\-nsdb\fR" 4
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This option generates \s-1DSA\s0 keys in a broken format compatible with Netscape
|
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|
private key databases. The PrivateKey contains a \s-1SEQUENCE\s0 consisting of
|
|
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|
the public and private keys respectively.
|
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|
.Ip "\fB\-v2 alg\fR" 4
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|
This option enables the use of \s-1PKCS\s0#5 v2.0 algorithms. Normally \s-1PKCS\s0#8
|
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|
|
private keys are encrypted with the password based encryption algorithm
|
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|
|
called \fBpbeWithMD5AndDES\-\s-1CBC\s0\fR this uses 56 bit \s-1DES\s0 encryption but it
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|
|
was the strongest encryption algorithm supported in \s-1PKCS\s0#5 v1.5. Using
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|
the \fB\-v2\fR option \s-1PKCS\s0#5 v2.0 algorithms are used which can use any
|
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|
encryption algorithm such as 168 bit triple \s-1DES\s0 or 128 bit \s-1RC2\s0 however
|
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|
not many implementations support \s-1PKCS\s0#5 v2.0 yet. If you are just using
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|
private keys with OpenSSL then this doesn't matter.
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.Sp
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The \fBalg\fR argument is the encryption algorithm to use, valid values include
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\fBdes\fR, \fBdes3\fR and \fBrc2\fR. It is recommended that \fBdes3\fR is used.
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.Ip "\fB\-v1 alg\fR" 4
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This option specifies a \s-1PKCS\s0#5 v1.5 or \s-1PKCS\s0#12 algorithm to use. A complete
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list of possible algorithms is included below.
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.SH "NOTES"
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The encrypted form of a PEM encode PKCS#8 files uses the following
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headers and footers:
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.PP
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.Vb 2
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\& -----BEGIN ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
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\& -----END ENCRYPTED PRIVATE KEY-----
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.Ve
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The unencrypted form uses:
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.PP
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.Vb 2
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\& -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----
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\& -----END PRIVATE KEY-----
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.Ve
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Private keys encrypted using PKCS#5 v2.0 algorithms and high iteration
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counts are more secure that those encrypted using the traditional
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SSLeay compatible formats. So if additional security is considered
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important the keys should be converted.
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.PP
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The default encryption is only 56 bits because this is the encryption
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that most current implementations of PKCS#8 will support.
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.PP
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Some software may use PKCS#12 password based encryption algorithms
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with PKCS#8 format private keys: these are handled automatically
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but there is no option to produce them.
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.PP
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It is possible to write out DER encoded encrypted private keys in
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PKCS#8 format because the encryption details are included at an ASN1
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level whereas the traditional format includes them at a PEM level.
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.SH "PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12 algorithms."
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Various algorithms can be used with the \fB\-v1\fR command line option,
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including PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12. These are described in more detail
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below.
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.Ip "\fB\s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1MD2-DES\s0 \s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1MD5-DES\s0\fR" 4
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These algorithms were included in the original \s-1PKCS\s0#5 v1.5 specification.
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They only offer 56 bits of protection since they both use \s-1DES\s0.
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.Ip "\fB\s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1SHA1-RC2-64\s0 \s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1MD2-RC2-64\s0 \s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1MD5-RC2-64\s0 \s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1SHA1-DES\s0\fR" 4
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These algorithms are not mentioned in the original \s-1PKCS\s0#5 v1.5 specification
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but they use the same key derivation algorithm and are supported by some
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software. They are mentioned in \s-1PKCS\s0#5 v2.0. They use either 64 bit \s-1RC2\s0 or
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56 bit \s-1DES\s0.
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.Ip "\fB\s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1SHA1-RC4-128\s0 \s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1SHA1-RC4-40\s0 \s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1SHA1-3DES\s0 \s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1SHA1-2DES\s0 \s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1SHA1-RC2-128\s0 \s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1SHA1-RC2-40\s0\fR" 4
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These algorithms use the \s-1PKCS\s0#12 password based encryption algorithm and
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allow strong encryption algorithms like triple \s-1DES\s0 or 128 bit \s-1RC2\s0 to be used.
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.SH "EXAMPLES"
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Convert a private from traditional to PKCS#5 v2.0 format using triple
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DES:
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.PP
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.Vb 1
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\& openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -v2 des3 -out enckey.pem
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.Ve
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Convert a private key to PKCS#8 using a PKCS#5 1.5 compatible algorithm
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(DES):
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.PP
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.Vb 1
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\& openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -out enckey.pem
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.Ve
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Convert a private key to PKCS#8 using a PKCS#12 compatible algorithm
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(3DES):
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.PP
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.Vb 1
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\& openssl pkcs8 -in key.pem -topk8 -out enckey.pem -v1 PBE-SHA1-3DES
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.Ve
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Read a DER unencrypted PKCS#8 format private key:
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.PP
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.Vb 1
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\& openssl pkcs8 -inform DER -nocrypt -in key.der -out key.pem
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.Ve
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Convert a private key from any PKCS#8 format to traditional format:
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.PP
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.Vb 1
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\& openssl pkcs8 -in pk8.pem -out key.pem
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.Ve
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.SH "STANDARDS"
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Test vectors from this PKCS#5 v2.0 implementation were posted to the
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pkcs-tng mailing list using triple DES, DES and RC2 with high iteration
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counts, several people confirmed that they could decrypt the private
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keys produced and Therefore it can be assumed that the PKCS#5 v2.0
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implementation is reasonably accurate at least as far as these
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algorithms are concerned.
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.PP
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The format of PKCS#8 DSA (and other) private keys is not well documented:
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it is hidden away in PKCS#11 v2.01, section 11.9. OpenSSL's default DSA
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PKCS#8 private key format complies with this standard.
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.SH "BUGS"
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There should be an option that prints out the encryption algorithm
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in use and other details such as the iteration count.
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.PP
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PKCS#8 using triple DES and PKCS#5 v2.0 should be the default private
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key format for OpenSSL: for compatibility several of the utilities use
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the old format at present.
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.SH "SEE ALSO"
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the \fIdsa(1)|dsa(1)\fR manpage, the \fIrsa(1)|rsa(1)\fR manpage, the \fIgenrsa(1)|genrsa(1)\fR manpage,
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the \fIgendsa(1)|gendsa(1)\fR manpage
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.rn }` ''
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|
.IX Title "PKCS8 1"
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.IX Name "pkcs8 - PKCS#8 format private key conversion tool"
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.IX Header "NAME"
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.IX Header "SYNOPSIS"
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.IX Header "DESCRIPTION"
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.IX Header "COMMAND OPTIONS"
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.IX Item "\fB\-topk8\fR"
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.IX Item "\fB\-inform \s-1DER\s0|\s-1PEM\s0\fR"
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.IX Item "\fB\-outform \s-1DER\s0|\s-1PEM\s0\fR"
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.IX Item "\fB\-in filename\fR"
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.IX Item "\fB\-passin arg\fR"
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.IX Item "\fB\-out filename\fR"
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.IX Item "\fB\-passout arg\fR"
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.IX Item "\fB\-nocrypt\fR"
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.IX Item "\fB\-nooct\fR"
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.IX Item "\fB\-embed\fR"
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.IX Item "\fB\-nsdb\fR"
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.IX Item "\fB\-v2 alg\fR"
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.IX Item "\fB\-v1 alg\fR"
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.IX Header "NOTES"
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|
.IX Header "PKCS#5 v1.5 and PKCS#12 algorithms."
|
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.IX Item "\fB\s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1MD2-DES\s0 \s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1MD5-DES\s0\fR"
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.IX Item "\fB\s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1SHA1-RC2-64\s0 \s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1MD2-RC2-64\s0 \s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1MD5-RC2-64\s0 \s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1SHA1-DES\s0\fR"
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.IX Item "\fB\s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1SHA1-RC4-128\s0 \s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1SHA1-RC4-40\s0 \s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1SHA1-3DES\s0 \s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1SHA1-2DES\s0 \s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1SHA1-RC2-128\s0 \s-1PBE\s0\-\s-1SHA1-RC2-40\s0\fR"
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.IX Header "EXAMPLES"
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.IX Header "STANDARDS"
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.IX Header "BUGS"
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.IX Header "SEE ALSO"
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|
