NetBSD/usr.sbin/installboot/installboot.8

.\"	$NetBSD: installboot.8,v 1.20 2002/06/30 04:39:05 grant Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 2002 The NetBSD Foundation, Inc.
.\" All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" This code is derived from software contributed to The NetBSD Foundation
.\" by Luke Mewburn of Wasabi Systems.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
.\"    must display the following acknowledgement:
.\"	This product includes software developed by the NetBSD
.\"	Foundation, Inc. and its contributors.
.\" 4. Neither the name of The NetBSD Foundation nor the names of its
.\"    contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived
.\"    from this software without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE NETBSD FOUNDATION, INC. AND CONTRIBUTORS
.\" ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED
.\" TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
.\" PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE FOUNDATION OR CONTRIBUTORS
.\" BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR
.\" CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF
.\" SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS
.\" INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN
.\" CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE)
.\" ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
.\" POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.Dd May 21, 2002
.Dt INSTALLBOOT 8
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm installboot
.Nd install disk bootstrap software
.
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Nm ""
.Op Fl nv
.Bk -words
.Op Fl m Ar machine
.Ek
.Bk -words
.Op Fl o Ar options
.Ek
.Bk -words
.Op Fl t Ar fstype
.Ek
.Bk -words
.Op Fl b Ar s1bno
.Ek
.Bk -words
.Op Fl B Ar s2bno
.Ek
.Ar filesystem
.Ar primary
.Op Ar secondary
.Nm ""
.Fl c
.Op Fl nv
.Bk -words
.Op Fl m Ar machine
.Ek
.Bk -words
.Op Fl o Ar options
.Ek
.Bk -words
.Op Fl t Ar fstype
.Ek
.Ar filesystem
.
.Sh DESCRIPTION
The
.Nm
utility installs and removes
.Nx
disk bootstrap software into a file system.
.Nm
can install
.Ar primary
into
.Ar filesystem ,
or disable an existing bootstrap in
.Ar filesystem .
.Pp
Generally,
.Nx
disk bootstrap software consists of two parts: a
.Dq primary
bootstrap program usually written into the disklabel area of the
file system by
.Nm "" ,
and a
.Dq secondary
bootstrap program that usually resides as an ordinary file in the file system.
.Pp
When booting, the primary bootstrap program is loaded and invoked by
the machine's PROM or BIOS.
After receiving control of the system it loads and runs the secondary
bootstrap program, which in turn loads and runs the kernel.
The secondary bootstrap may allow control over various boot parameters
passed to the kernel.
.Pp
Some platform
.Pq Fl m Ar machine
and file system type
.Pq Fl t Ar fstype
combinations require that the name of the secondary bootstrap is
supplied as
.Ar secondary ,
so that information such as the disk block numbers occupied
by the secondary bootstrap can be stored in the primary bootstrap.
These are:
.Bl -column "Platform" "File systems" -offset indent
.It Sy "Platform" Ta Sy "File systems"
.It macppc Ta ffs, raw
.It news68k Ta ffs, raw
.It newsmips Ta ffs, raw
.It sparc Ta ffs, raw
.It sun2 Ta ffs, raw
.It sun3 Ta ffs, raw
.El
.Pp
Perform the following steps to make a file system bootable:
.Bl -enum
.It
Copy the secondary bootstrap (usually
.Pa /usr/mdec/boot. Ns Sy MACHINE
or
.Pa /usr/mdec/boot Ns )
to the root directory of the target file system.
.Pp
.
.It
Use
.Nm
to install the primary bootstrap program
(usually
.Pa /usr/mdec/bootxx_ Ns Sy <fs> )
into
.Ar filesystem .
.Pp
The following platforms do not require this step if the primary bootstrap
already exists and the secondary bootstrap file is just being updated:
.Sy alpha ,
.Sy pmax ,
.Sy sparc64 ,
and
.Sy vax .
.Pp
.El
.Pp
The options recognized by
.Nm
are as follows:
.
.Bl -tag -width "optionsxxx"
.
.It Fl b Ar s1bno
Install
.Ar primary
at block number
.Ar s1bno
instead of the default location for the machine and file system type.
.Sy [ alpha ,
.Sy pmax ,
.Sy vax ]
.
.It Fl B Ar s2bno
When hard-coding the blocks of
.Ar secondary
into
.Ar primary ,
start from block
.Ar s2bno
instead of trying to determine the block numbers occupied by
.Ar secondary
by examining
.Ar filesystem .
If this option is supplied,
.Ar secondary
should refer to an actual secondary bootstrap (rather than the
file name of the one present in
.Ar filesystem )
so that its size can be determined.
.
.It Fl c
Clear (remove) any existing bootstrap instead of installing one.
.
.It Fl m Ar machine
Use
.Ar machine
as the target machine type.
The default machine is determined from
.Xr uname 3
and then
.Ev MACHINE .
The following machines are currently supported by
.Nm "" :
.Bd -ragged -offset indent
.Sy alpha ,
.Sy macppc ,
.Sy news68k ,
.Sy newsmips ,
.Sy pmax ,
.Sy sparc ,
.Sy sparc64 ,
.Sy sun2 ,
.Sy sun3 ,
.Sy vax ,
.Sy x68k
.Ed
.
.
.It Fl n
Do not write to
.Ar filesystem .
.
.It Fl o Ar options
Machine specific
.Nm
options, comma separated.
.Pp
Supported options are (with the machines for they are valid in brackets):
.
.Bl -tag -offset indent -width alphasum
.
.It Sy alphasum
.Sy [ alpha ]
Recalculate and restore the Alpha checksum.
This is the default for
.Nx Ns Tn /alpha .
.
.It Sy append
.Sy [ pmax ,
.Sy vax ]
Append
.Ar primary
to the end of
.Ar filesystem ,
which must be a regular file in this case.
.
.It Sy sunsum
.Sy [ pmax ,
.Sy vax ]
Recalculate and restore the Sun and
.Nx Ns Tn /sparc
compatible checksum.
.Em Note :
The existing
.Nx Ns Tn /sparc
disklabel should use no more than 4 partitions.
.El
.
.It Fl t Ar fstype
Use
.Ar fstype
as the type of
.Ar filesystem .
The default operation is to attempt to auto-detect this setting.
The following file system types are currently supported by
.Nm "" :
.
.Bl -tag -offset indent -width ffs
.
.It Sy ffs
.Bx
Fast File System.
.
.It Sy raw
.Sq Raw
image.
Note: if a platform needs to hard-code the block offset of the secondary
bootstrap, it cannot be searched for on this file system type, and must
be provided with
.Fl B Ar s2bno .
.El
.
.It Fl v
Verbose operation.
.El
.Pp
.Nm
exits 0 on success, and \*[Gt]0 if an error occurs.
.
.Sh ENVIRONMENT
.Nm
uses the following environment variables:
.
.Bl -tag -width "MACHINE"
.
.It Ev MACHINE
Default value for
.Ar machine ,
overriding the result from
.Xr uname 3 .
.
.El
.
.Sh FILES
Most
.Nx
ports will contain variations of the following files:
.Pp
.Bl -tag -width /usr/mdec/boot.$MACHINE
.
.It Pa /usr/mdec/bootxx_ Ns Sy <fs>
Primary bootstrap for file system type
.Sy <fs> .
Installed into the bootstrap area of the file system by
.Nm "" .
.
.It Pa /usr/mdec/boot. Ns Sy MACHINE
Secondary bootstrap for machine type
.Sy MACHINE .
This should be installed into the file system before
.Nm
is run.
.
.It Pa /boot. Ns Sy MACHINE
Installed copy of secondary bootstrap for machine type
.Sy MACHINE .
.
.It Pa /boot
Installed copy of secondary bootstrap.
Searched for by the primary bootstrap if
.Pa /boot. Ns Sy MACHINE
is not found.
.
.El
.
.Ss NetBSD/sparc64 files
.
.Bl -tag -width /usr/mdec/boot.$MACHINE
.
.It Pa /usr/mdec/bootblk
.Nx Ns Tn /sparc64
primary bootstrap.
.
.It Pa /usr/mdec/ofwboot
.Nx Ns Tn /sparc64
secondary bootstrap.
.
.It Pa /ofwboot
Installed copy of
.Nx Ns Tn /sparc64
secondary bootstrap.
.
.El
.
.Sh EXAMPLES
.Ss common
Verbosely install the Berkeley Fast File System primary bootstrap on to disk
.Sq sd0 :
.Dl Ic installboot -v /dev/rsd0c /usr/mdec/bootxx_ffs
.Pp
Remove the primary bootstrap from disk
.Sq sd1 :
.Dl Ic installboot -c /dev/rsd1c
.
.Ss NetBSD/pmax
Install the Berkeley Fast File System primary bootstrap on to disk
.Sq sd0 :
.Dl Ic installboot /dev/rsd0c /usr/mdec/bootxx_ffs
.Pp
.Nx Ns Tn /pmax
requires that this file system starts at block 0 of the disk.
.Pp
Install the ISO 9660 primary bootstrap in the file
.Pa /tmp/cd-image :
.Dl Ic installboot -m pmax /tmp/cd-image /usr/mdec/bootxx_cd9660
.Pp
Make an ISO 9660 filesystem in the file
.Pa /tmp/cd-image
and install the ISO 9660 primary bootstrap in the filesystem, where the
source directory for the ISO 9660 filesystem contains a kernel, the
primary bootstrap
.Pp
.Pa bootxx_cd9660
and the secondary bootstrap
.Pa boot.pmax :
.Dl Ic mkisofs -o /tmp/cd-image -a -l -v iso-source-dir
.Dl ...
.Dl 48 51 iso-source-dir/bootxx_cd9660
.Dl ...
.Dl Ic installboot -b `expr 48 \e* 4` /tmp/cd-image /usr/mdec/bootxx_cd9660
.
.Ss NetBSD/sparc
Install the Berkeley Fast File System primary bootstrap on to disk
.Sq sd0 ,
with the secondary bootstrap
.Sq Pa /boot
already present:
.Dl Ic installboot /dev/rsd0c /usr/mdec/bootxx /boot
.
.Ss NetBSD/sparc64
Install the Berkeley Fast File System primary bootstrap on to disk
.Sq wd0 :
.Dl Ic installboot /dev/rwd0c /usr/mdec/bootblk
.Pp
The secondary
.Nx Ns Tn /sparc64
bootstrap is located in
.Pa /usr/mdec/ofwboot .
.
.Ss NetBSD/sun2 and sun3
Install the Berkeley Fast File System primary bootstrap on to disk
.Sq sd0 ,
with the secondary bootstrap
.Sq Pa /boot
already present:
.Dl Ic installboot /dev/rsd0c /usr/mdec/bootxx /boot
.Sh SEE ALSO
.Xr uname 3 ,
.Xr boot 8 ,
.Xr disklabel 8 ,
.Xr init 8
.
.Sh HISTORY
This implementation of
.Nm
appeared in
.Nx 1.6 .
.
.Sh AUTHORS
The machine independent portion of this implementation of
.Nm
was written by Luke Mewburn.
The following people contributed to the various machine dependent
back-ends:
Simon Burge (pmax),
Chris Demetriou (alpha),
Matthew Fredette (sun2, sun3),
Matthew Green (sparc64),
Ross Harvey (alpha),
Paul Kranenburg (sparc),
Luke Mewburn (macppc),
Matt Thomas (vax),
and
Izumi Tsutsui (news68k, newsmips).
.
.Sh BUGS
There are not currently primary bootstraps to support all file systems
types which are capable of being the root file system.
.Ss NetBSD/alpha
The
.Nx Ns Tn /alpha
primary bootstrap program can only load the secondary bootstrap program
from file systems starting at the beginning (block 0) of disks.
Similarly, the secondary bootstrap program can only load kernels from
file systems starting at the beginning of disks.
.Pp
The size of primary bootstrap programs is restricted to 7.5KB, even
though some file systems (e.g. ISO 9660) are able to accommodate larger
ones.
.Ss NetBSD/pmax
The
.Nx Ns Tn /pmax
secondary bootstrap program can only load kernels from file
systems starting at the beginning of disks.
.Pp
The size of primary bootstrap programs is restricted to 7.5KB, even
though some file systems (e.g. ISO 9660) are able to accommodate larger
ones.
.Ss NetBSD/sparc
.Nm
requires simultaneous access to the mounted file system and the raw
device, but that is not allowed with the kernel securelevel variable
set to a value greater than zero (the default), so
.Nm
only works in single-user mode (or insecure mode, see
.Xr init 8 Ns ).
.Ss NetBSD/sun3
The
.Nx Ns Tn /sun3
secondary bootstrap program can only load kernels from file
systems starting at the beginning of disks.
.Pp
.Nm
requires simultaneous access to the mounted file system and the raw
device, but that is not allowed with the kernel securelevel variable
set to a value greater than zero (the default), so
.Nm
only works in single-user mode (or insecure mode, see
.Xr init 8 Ns ).
.Ss NetBSD/vax
The
.Nx Ns Tn /vax
secondary bootstrap program can only load kernels from file systems
starting at the beginning of disks.
.Pp
The size of primary bootstrap programs is restricted to 7.5KB, even
though some file systems (e.g. ISO 9660) are able to accommodate larger
ones.