NetBSD/sys/kern/vfs_bio.c

/*	$NetBSD: vfs_bio.c,v 1.103 2004/01/04 16:17:13 pk Exp $	*/

/*-
 * Copyright (c) 1982, 1986, 1989, 1993
 *	The Regents of the University of California.  All rights reserved.
 * (c) UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
 * All or some portions of this file are derived from material licensed
 * to the University of California by American Telephone and Telegraph
 * Co. or Unix System Laboratories, Inc. and are reproduced herein with
 * the permission of UNIX System Laboratories, Inc.
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 *	@(#)vfs_bio.c	8.6 (Berkeley) 1/11/94
 */

/*-
 * Copyright (c) 1994 Christopher G. Demetriou
 *
 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
 * are met:
 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
 *    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
 *    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
 * 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
 *    must display the following acknowledgement:
 *	This product includes software developed by the University of
 *	California, Berkeley and its contributors.
 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
 *    may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
 *    without specific prior written permission.
 *
 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
 * ARE DISCLAIMED.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
 * SUCH DAMAGE.
 *
 *	@(#)vfs_bio.c	8.6 (Berkeley) 1/11/94
 */

/*
 * Some references:
 *	Bach: The Design of the UNIX Operating System (Prentice Hall, 1986)
 *	Leffler, et al.: The Design and Implementation of the 4.3BSD
 *		UNIX Operating System (Addison Welley, 1989)
 */

#include "opt_bufcache.h"
#include "opt_softdep.h"

#include <sys/cdefs.h>
__KERNEL_RCSID(0, "$NetBSD: vfs_bio.c,v 1.103 2004/01/04 16:17:13 pk Exp $");

#include <sys/param.h>
#include <sys/systm.h>
#include <sys/kernel.h>
#include <sys/proc.h>
#include <sys/buf.h>
#include <sys/vnode.h>
#include <sys/mount.h>
#include <sys/malloc.h>
#include <sys/resourcevar.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
#include <sys/conf.h>

#include <uvm/uvm.h>

#include <miscfs/specfs/specdev.h>

#ifndef	BUFPAGES
# define BUFPAGES 0
#endif

#ifdef BUFCACHE
# if (BUFCACHE < 5) || (BUFCACHE > 95)
#  error BUFCACHE is not between 5 and 95
# endif
#else
# define BUFCACHE 30
#endif

u_int	nbuf;			/* XXX - for softdep_lockedbufs */
u_int	bufpages = BUFPAGES;	/* optional hardwired count */
u_int	bufcache = BUFCACHE;	/* max % of RAM to use for buffer cache */


/* Macros to clear/set/test flags. */
#define	SET(t, f)	(t) |= (f)
#define	CLR(t, f)	(t) &= ~(f)
#define	ISSET(t, f)	((t) & (f))

/*
 * Definitions for the buffer hash lists.
 */
#define	BUFHASH(dvp, lbn)	\
	(&bufhashtbl[(((long)(dvp) >> 8) + (int)(lbn)) & bufhash])
LIST_HEAD(bufhashhdr, buf) *bufhashtbl, invalhash;
u_long	bufhash;
#ifndef SOFTDEP
struct bio_ops bioops;	/* I/O operation notification */
#endif

/*
 * Insq/Remq for the buffer hash lists.
 */
#define	binshash(bp, dp)	LIST_INSERT_HEAD(dp, bp, b_hash)
#define	bremhash(bp)		LIST_REMOVE(bp, b_hash)

/*
 * Definitions for the buffer free lists.
 */
#define	BQUEUES		3		/* number of free buffer queues */

#define	BQ_LOCKED	0		/* super-blocks &c */
#define	BQ_LRU		1		/* lru, useful buffers */
#define	BQ_AGE		2		/* rubbish */

TAILQ_HEAD(bqueues, buf) bufqueues[BQUEUES];
int needbuffer;

/*
 * Buffer queue lock.
 * Take this lock first if also taking some buffer's b_interlock.
 */
struct simplelock bqueue_slock = SIMPLELOCK_INITIALIZER;

/*
 * Buffer pool for I/O buffers.
 */
struct pool bufpool;

/* XXX - somewhat gross.. */
#if MAXBSIZE == 0x2000
#define NMEMPOOLS 4
#elif MAXBSIZE == 0x4000
#define NMEMPOOLS 5
#elif MAXBSIZE == 0x8000
#define NMEMPOOLS 6
#else
#define NMEMPOOLS 7
#endif

#define MEMPOOL_INDEX_OFFSET 10		/* smallest pool is 1k */
#if (1 << (NMEMPOOLS + MEMPOOL_INDEX_OFFSET - 1)) != MAXBSIZE
#error update vfs_bio buffer memory parameters
#endif

/* Buffer memory pools */
static struct pool bmempools[NMEMPOOLS];

static struct vm_map *buf_map;

/*
 * Buffer memory pool allocator.
 */
static void *
bufpool_page_alloc(struct pool *pp, int flags)
{
	return (void *)uvm_km_kmemalloc1(buf_map,
					uvm.kernel_object, MAXBSIZE, MAXBSIZE,
					UVM_UNKNOWN_OFFSET,
					(flags & PR_WAITOK) ? 0
							    : UVM_KMF_NOWAIT);
}

static void
bufpool_page_free(struct pool *pp, void *v)
{
	uvm_km_free(buf_map, (vaddr_t)v, MAXBSIZE);
}

static struct pool_allocator bufmempool_allocator = {
	bufpool_page_alloc, bufpool_page_free, MAXBSIZE,
};

/* Buffer memory management variables */
u_long bufmem_valimit;
u_long bufmem_hiwater;
u_long bufmem_lowater;
u_long bufmem;

/*
 * MD code can call this to set a hard limit on the amount
 * of virtual memory used by the buffer cache.
 */
int
buf_setvalimit(vsize_t sz)
{

	/* We need to accommodate at least NMEMPOOLS of MAXBSIZE each */
	if (sz < NMEMPOOLS * MAXBSIZE)
		return EINVAL;

	bufmem_valimit = sz;
	return 0;
}

static int buf_trim(void);

/*
 * bread()/breadn() helper.
 */
static __inline struct buf *bio_doread(struct vnode *, daddr_t, int,
					struct ucred *, int);
int count_lock_queue(void);

/*
 * Insq/Remq for the buffer free lists.
 * Call with buffer queue locked.
 */
#define	binsheadfree(bp, dp)	TAILQ_INSERT_HEAD(dp, bp, b_freelist)
#define	binstailfree(bp, dp)	TAILQ_INSERT_TAIL(dp, bp, b_freelist)

#ifdef DEBUG
int debug_verify_freelist = 0;
static int checkfreelist(struct buf *bp, struct bqueues *dp)
{
	struct buf *b;
	TAILQ_FOREACH(b, dp, b_freelist) {
		if (b == bp)
			return 1;
	}
	return 0;
}
#endif

void
bremfree(struct buf *bp)
{
	struct bqueues *dp = NULL;

	LOCK_ASSERT(simple_lock_held(&bqueue_slock));

	KDASSERT(!debug_verify_freelist ||
		checkfreelist(bp, &bufqueues[BQ_AGE]) ||
		checkfreelist(bp, &bufqueues[BQ_LRU]) ||
		checkfreelist(bp, &bufqueues[BQ_LOCKED]) );

	/*
	 * We only calculate the head of the freelist when removing
	 * the last element of the list as that is the only time that
	 * it is needed (e.g. to reset the tail pointer).
	 *
	 * NB: This makes an assumption about how tailq's are implemented.
	 *
	 * We break the TAILQ abstraction in order to efficiently remove a
	 * buffer from its freelist without having to know exactly which
	 * freelist it is on.
	 */
	if (TAILQ_NEXT(bp, b_freelist) == NULL) {
		for (dp = bufqueues; dp < &bufqueues[BQUEUES]; dp++)
			if (dp->tqh_last == &bp->b_freelist.tqe_next)
				break;
		if (dp == &bufqueues[BQUEUES])
			panic("bremfree: lost tail");
	}
	TAILQ_REMOVE(dp, bp, b_freelist);
}

u_long
buf_memcalc(void)
{
	u_long n;

	/*
	 * Determine the upper bound of memory to use for buffers.
	 *
	 *	- If bufpages is specified, use that as the number
	 *	  pages.
	 *
	 *	- Otherwise, use bufcache as the percentage of
	 *	  physical memory.
	 */
	if (bufpages != 0) {
		n = bufpages;
	} else {
		if (bufcache < 5) {
			printf("forcing bufcache %d -> 5", bufcache);
			bufcache = 5;
		}
		if (bufcache > 95) {
			printf("forcing bufcache %d -> 95", bufcache);
			bufcache = 95;
		}
		n = physmem / 100 * bufcache;
	}

	n <<= PAGE_SHIFT;
	if (bufmem_valimit != 0 && n > bufmem_valimit)
		n = bufmem_valimit;

	return (n);
}

/*
 * Initialize buffers and hash links for buffers.
 */
void
bufinit(void)
{
	struct bqueues *dp;
	int smallmem;
	u_int i;

	/*
	 * Initialize buffer cache memory parameters.
	 */
	bufmem = 0;
	bufmem_hiwater = buf_memcalc();
	/* lowater is approx. 2% of memory (with bufcache=30) */
	bufmem_lowater = (bufmem_hiwater >> 4);
	if (bufmem_lowater < 64 * 1024)
		/* Ensure a reasonable minimum value */
		bufmem_lowater = 64 * 1024;

	if (bufmem_valimit != 0) {
		vaddr_t minaddr = 0, maxaddr;
		buf_map = uvm_km_suballoc(kernel_map, &minaddr, &maxaddr,
					  bufmem_valimit, VM_MAP_PAGEABLE,
					  FALSE, 0);
		if (buf_map == NULL)
			panic("bufinit: cannot allocate submap");
	} else
		buf_map = kernel_map;

	/*
	 * Initialize the buffer pools.
	 */
	pool_init(&bufpool, sizeof(struct buf), 0, 0, 0, "bufpl", NULL);

	/* On "small" machines use small pool page sizes where possible */
	smallmem = (physmem < atop(16*1024*1024));

	for (i = 0; i < NMEMPOOLS; i++) {
		struct pool_allocator *pa;
		struct pool *pp = &bmempools[i];
		u_int size = 1 << (i + MEMPOOL_INDEX_OFFSET);
		char *name = malloc(8, M_TEMP, M_WAITOK);
		snprintf(name, 8, "buf%dk", 1 << i);
		pa = (size <= PAGE_SIZE && smallmem)
			? &pool_allocator_nointr
			: &bufmempool_allocator;
		pool_init(pp, size, 0, 0, 0, name, pa);
		pool_setlowat(pp, 1);
	}

	/* Initialize the buffer queues */
	for (dp = bufqueues; dp < &bufqueues[BQUEUES]; dp++)
		TAILQ_INIT(dp);

	/*
	 * Estimate hash table size based on the amount of memory we
	 * intend to use for the buffer cache. The average buffer
	 * size is dependent on our clients (i.e. filesystems).
	 *
	 * For now, use an empirical 3K per buffer.
	 */
	nbuf = (bufmem_hiwater / 1024) / 3;
	bufhashtbl = hashinit(nbuf, HASH_LIST, M_CACHE, M_WAITOK, &bufhash);
}

static int
buf_lotsfree(void)
{
	return (bufmem < bufmem_lowater ||
		(bufmem < bufmem_hiwater && uvmexp.free > 2*uvmexp.freetarg));
}

/*
 * Return estimate of # of buffers we think need to be
 * released to help resolve low memory conditions.
 */
static int
buf_canrelease(void)
{
	int n;

	if (bufmem < bufmem_lowater)
		return 0;

	n = uvmexp.freetarg - uvmexp.free;
	if (n < 0)
		n = 0;
	return 2*n;
}

/*
 * Buffer memory allocation helper functions
 */
static __inline u_long
buf_mempoolidx(u_long size)
{
	u_int n = 0;

	size -= 1;
	size >>= MEMPOOL_INDEX_OFFSET;
	while (size) {
		size >>= 1;
		n += 1;
	}
	if (n >= NMEMPOOLS)
		panic("buf mem pool index %d", n);
	return n;
}

static __inline u_long
buf_roundsize(u_long size)
{
	/* Round up to nearest power of 2 */
	return (1 << (buf_mempoolidx(size) + MEMPOOL_INDEX_OFFSET));
}

static __inline caddr_t
buf_malloc(size_t size)
{
	u_int n = buf_mempoolidx(size);
	caddr_t addr;
	int s;

	while (1) {
		addr = pool_get(&bmempools[n], PR_NOWAIT);
		if (addr != NULL)
			break;

		/* No memory, see if we can free some. If so, try again */
		if (buf_drain(1) > 0)
			continue;

		/* Wait for buffers to arrive on the LRU queue */
		s = splbio();
		simple_lock(&bqueue_slock);
		needbuffer = 1;
		ltsleep(&needbuffer, PNORELOCK | (PRIBIO+1),
			"buf_malloc", 0, &bqueue_slock);
		splx(s);
	}

	return addr;
}

static void
buf_mrelease(caddr_t addr, size_t size)
{

	pool_put(&bmempools[buf_mempoolidx(size)], addr);
}


static __inline struct buf *
bio_doread(struct vnode *vp, daddr_t blkno, int size, struct ucred *cred,
    int async)
{
	struct buf *bp;
	struct lwp *l  = (curlwp != NULL ? curlwp : &lwp0);	/* XXX */
	struct proc *p = l->l_proc;

	bp = getblk(vp, blkno, size, 0, 0);

#ifdef DIAGNOSTIC
	if (bp == NULL) {
		panic("bio_doread: no such buf");
	}
#endif

	/*
	 * If buffer does not have data valid, start a read.
	 * Note that if buffer is B_INVAL, getblk() won't return it.
	 * Therefore, it's valid if its I/O has completed or been delayed.
	 */
	if (!ISSET(bp->b_flags, (B_DONE | B_DELWRI))) {
		/* Start I/O for the buffer. */
		SET(bp->b_flags, B_READ | async);
		VOP_STRATEGY(bp);

		/* Pay for the read. */
		p->p_stats->p_ru.ru_inblock++;
	} else if (async) {
		brelse(bp);
	}

	return (bp);
}

/*
 * Read a disk block.
 * This algorithm described in Bach (p.54).
 */
int
bread(struct vnode *vp, daddr_t blkno, int size, struct ucred *cred,
    struct buf **bpp)
{
	struct buf *bp;

	/* Get buffer for block. */
	bp = *bpp = bio_doread(vp, blkno, size, cred, 0);

	/* Wait for the read to complete, and return result. */
	return (biowait(bp));
}

/*
 * Read-ahead multiple disk blocks. The first is sync, the rest async.
 * Trivial modification to the breada algorithm presented in Bach (p.55).
 */
int
breadn(struct vnode *vp, daddr_t blkno, int size, daddr_t *rablks,
    int *rasizes, int nrablks, struct ucred *cred, struct buf **bpp)
{
	struct buf *bp;
	int i;

	bp = *bpp = bio_doread(vp, blkno, size, cred, 0);

	/*
	 * For each of the read-ahead blocks, start a read, if necessary.
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < nrablks; i++) {
		/* If it's in the cache, just go on to next one. */
		if (incore(vp, rablks[i]))
			continue;

		/* Get a buffer for the read-ahead block */
		(void) bio_doread(vp, rablks[i], rasizes[i], cred, B_ASYNC);
	}

	/* Otherwise, we had to start a read for it; wait until it's valid. */
	return (biowait(bp));
}

/*
 * Read with single-block read-ahead.  Defined in Bach (p.55), but
 * implemented as a call to breadn().
 * XXX for compatibility with old file systems.
 */
int
breada(struct vnode *vp, daddr_t blkno, int size, daddr_t rablkno,
    int rabsize, struct ucred *cred, struct buf **bpp)
{

	return (breadn(vp, blkno, size, &rablkno, &rabsize, 1, cred, bpp));	
}

/*
 * Block write.  Described in Bach (p.56)
 */
int
bwrite(struct buf *bp)
{
	int rv, sync, wasdelayed, s;
	struct lwp *l  = (curlwp != NULL ? curlwp : &lwp0);	/* XXX */
	struct proc *p = l->l_proc;
	struct vnode *vp;
	struct mount *mp;

	KASSERT(ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_BUSY));

	vp = bp->b_vp;
	if (vp != NULL) {
		if (vp->v_type == VBLK)
			mp = vp->v_specmountpoint;
		else
			mp = vp->v_mount;
	} else {
		mp = NULL;
	}

	/*
	 * Remember buffer type, to switch on it later.  If the write was
	 * synchronous, but the file system was mounted with MNT_ASYNC,
	 * convert it to a delayed write.  
	 * XXX note that this relies on delayed tape writes being converted
	 * to async, not sync writes (which is safe, but ugly).
	 */
	sync = !ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_ASYNC);
	if (sync && mp != NULL && ISSET(mp->mnt_flag, MNT_ASYNC)) {
		bdwrite(bp);
		return (0);
	}

	/*
	 * Collect statistics on synchronous and asynchronous writes.
	 * Writes to block devices are charged to their associated
	 * filesystem (if any).
	 */
	if (mp != NULL) {
		if (sync)
			mp->mnt_stat.f_syncwrites++;
		else
			mp->mnt_stat.f_asyncwrites++;
	}

	s = splbio();
	simple_lock(&bp->b_interlock);

	wasdelayed = ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_DELWRI);

	CLR(bp->b_flags, (B_READ | B_DONE | B_ERROR | B_DELWRI));

	/*
	 * Pay for the I/O operation and make sure the buf is on the correct
	 * vnode queue.
	 */
	if (wasdelayed)
		reassignbuf(bp, bp->b_vp);
	else
		p->p_stats->p_ru.ru_oublock++;

	/* Initiate disk write.  Make sure the appropriate party is charged. */
	V_INCR_NUMOUTPUT(bp->b_vp);
	simple_unlock(&bp->b_interlock);
	splx(s);

	VOP_STRATEGY(bp);

	if (sync) {
		/* If I/O was synchronous, wait for it to complete. */
		rv = biowait(bp);

		/* Release the buffer. */
		brelse(bp);

		return (rv);
	} else {
		return (0);
	}
}

int
vn_bwrite(void *v)
{
	struct vop_bwrite_args *ap = v;

	return (bwrite(ap->a_bp));
}

/*
 * Delayed write.
 *
 * The buffer is marked dirty, but is not queued for I/O.
 * This routine should be used when the buffer is expected
 * to be modified again soon, typically a small write that
 * partially fills a buffer.
 *
 * NB: magnetic tapes cannot be delayed; they must be
 * written in the order that the writes are requested.
 *
 * Described in Leffler, et al. (pp. 208-213).
 */
void
bdwrite(struct buf *bp)
{
	struct lwp *l  = (curlwp != NULL ? curlwp : &lwp0);	/* XXX */
	struct proc *p = l->l_proc;
	const struct bdevsw *bdev;
	int s;

	/* If this is a tape block, write the block now. */
	bdev = bdevsw_lookup(bp->b_dev);
	if (bdev != NULL && bdev->d_type == D_TAPE) {
		bawrite(bp);
		return;
	}

	/*
	 * If the block hasn't been seen before:
	 *	(1) Mark it as having been seen,
	 *	(2) Charge for the write,
	 *	(3) Make sure it's on its vnode's correct block list.
	 */
	s = splbio();
	simple_lock(&bp->b_interlock);

	KASSERT(ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_BUSY));

	if (!ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_DELWRI)) {
		SET(bp->b_flags, B_DELWRI);
		p->p_stats->p_ru.ru_oublock++;
		reassignbuf(bp, bp->b_vp);
	}

	/* Otherwise, the "write" is done, so mark and release the buffer. */
	CLR(bp->b_flags, B_DONE);
	simple_unlock(&bp->b_interlock);
	splx(s);

	brelse(bp);
}

/*
 * Asynchronous block write; just an asynchronous bwrite().
 */
void
bawrite(struct buf *bp)
{
	int s;

	s = splbio();
	simple_lock(&bp->b_interlock);

	KASSERT(ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_BUSY));

	SET(bp->b_flags, B_ASYNC);
	simple_unlock(&bp->b_interlock);
	splx(s);
	VOP_BWRITE(bp);
}

/*
 * Same as first half of bdwrite, mark buffer dirty, but do not release it.
 * Call at splbio() and with the buffer interlock locked.
 * Note: called only from biodone() through ffs softdep's bioops.io_complete()
 */
void
bdirty(struct buf *bp)
{
	struct lwp *l  = (curlwp != NULL ? curlwp : &lwp0);	/* XXX */
	struct proc *p = l->l_proc;

	LOCK_ASSERT(simple_lock_held(&bp->b_interlock));
	KASSERT(ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_BUSY));

	CLR(bp->b_flags, B_AGE);

	if (!ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_DELWRI)) {
		SET(bp->b_flags, B_DELWRI);
		p->p_stats->p_ru.ru_oublock++;
		reassignbuf(bp, bp->b_vp);
	}
}

/*
 * Release a buffer on to the free lists.
 * Described in Bach (p. 46).
 */
void
brelse(struct buf *bp)
{
	struct bqueues *bufq;
	int s;

	/* Block disk interrupts. */
	s = splbio();
	simple_lock(&bqueue_slock);
	simple_lock(&bp->b_interlock);

	KASSERT(ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_BUSY));
	KASSERT(!ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_CALL));

	/* Wake up any processes waiting for any buffer to become free. */
	if (needbuffer) {
		needbuffer = 0;
		wakeup(&needbuffer);
	}

	/* Wake up any proceeses waiting for _this_ buffer to become free. */
	if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_WANTED)) {
		CLR(bp->b_flags, B_WANTED|B_AGE);
		wakeup(bp);
	}

	/*
	 * Determine which queue the buffer should be on, then put it there.
	 */

	/* If it's locked, don't report an error; try again later. */
	if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, (B_LOCKED|B_ERROR)) == (B_LOCKED|B_ERROR))
		CLR(bp->b_flags, B_ERROR);

	/* If it's not cacheable, or an error, mark it invalid. */
	if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, (B_NOCACHE|B_ERROR)))
		SET(bp->b_flags, B_INVAL);

	if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_VFLUSH)) {
		/*
		 * This is a delayed write buffer that was just flushed to
		 * disk.  It is still on the LRU queue.  If it's become
		 * invalid, then we need to move it to a different queue;
		 * otherwise leave it in its current position.
		 */
		CLR(bp->b_flags, B_VFLUSH);
		if (!ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_ERROR|B_INVAL|B_LOCKED|B_AGE)) {
			KDASSERT(!debug_verify_freelist || checkfreelist(bp, &bufqueues[BQ_LRU]));
			goto already_queued;
		} else {
			bremfree(bp);
		}
	}

  KDASSERT(!debug_verify_freelist || !checkfreelist(bp, &bufqueues[BQ_AGE]));
  KDASSERT(!debug_verify_freelist || !checkfreelist(bp, &bufqueues[BQ_LRU]));
  KDASSERT(!debug_verify_freelist || !checkfreelist(bp, &bufqueues[BQ_LOCKED]));

	if ((bp->b_bufsize <= 0) || ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_INVAL)) {
		/*
		 * If it's invalid or empty, dissociate it from its vnode
		 * and put on the head of the appropriate queue.
		 */
		if (LIST_FIRST(&bp->b_dep) != NULL && bioops.io_deallocate)
			(*bioops.io_deallocate)(bp);
		CLR(bp->b_flags, B_DONE|B_DELWRI);
		if (bp->b_vp) {
			reassignbuf(bp, bp->b_vp);
			brelvp(bp);
		}
		if (bp->b_bufsize <= 0)
			/* no data */
			goto already_queued;
		else
			/* invalid data */
			bufq = &bufqueues[BQ_AGE];
		binsheadfree(bp, bufq);
	} else {
		/*
		 * It has valid data.  Put it on the end of the appropriate
		 * queue, so that it'll stick around for as long as possible.
		 * If buf is AGE, but has dependencies, must put it on last
		 * bufqueue to be scanned, ie LRU. This protects against the
		 * livelock where BQ_AGE only has buffers with dependencies,
		 * and we thus never get to the dependent buffers in BQ_LRU.
		 */
		if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_LOCKED))
			/* locked in core */
			bufq = &bufqueues[BQ_LOCKED];
		else if (!ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_AGE))
			/* valid data */
			bufq = &bufqueues[BQ_LRU];
		else {
			/* stale but valid data */
			int has_deps;

			if (LIST_FIRST(&bp->b_dep) != NULL &&
			    bioops.io_countdeps)
				has_deps = (*bioops.io_countdeps)(bp, 0);
			else
				has_deps = 0;
			bufq = has_deps ? &bufqueues[BQ_LRU] :
			    &bufqueues[BQ_AGE];
		}
		binstailfree(bp, bufq);
	}

already_queued:
	/* Unlock the buffer. */
	CLR(bp->b_flags, B_AGE|B_ASYNC|B_BUSY|B_NOCACHE);
	SET(bp->b_flags, B_CACHE);

	/* Allow disk interrupts. */
	simple_unlock(&bp->b_interlock);
	simple_unlock(&bqueue_slock);
	if (bp->b_bufsize <= 0) {
#ifdef DEBUG
		memset((char *)bp, 0, sizeof(*bp));
#endif
		pool_put(&bufpool, bp);
	}
	splx(s);
}

/*
 * Determine if a block is in the cache.
 * Just look on what would be its hash chain.  If it's there, return
 * a pointer to it, unless it's marked invalid.  If it's marked invalid,
 * we normally don't return the buffer, unless the caller explicitly
 * wants us to.
 */
struct buf *
incore(struct vnode *vp, daddr_t blkno)
{
	struct buf *bp;

	/* Search hash chain */
	LIST_FOREACH(bp, BUFHASH(vp, blkno), b_hash) {
		if (bp->b_lblkno == blkno && bp->b_vp == vp &&
		    !ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_INVAL))
		return (bp);
	}

	return (NULL);
}

/*
 * Get a block of requested size that is associated with
 * a given vnode and block offset. If it is found in the
 * block cache, mark it as having been found, make it busy
 * and return it. Otherwise, return an empty block of the
 * correct size. It is up to the caller to insure that the
 * cached blocks be of the correct size.
 */
struct buf *
getblk(struct vnode *vp, daddr_t blkno, int size, int slpflag, int slptimeo)
{
	struct buf *bp;
	int s, err;
	int preserve;

start:
	s = splbio();
	simple_lock(&bqueue_slock);
	bp = incore(vp, blkno);
	if (bp != NULL) {
		simple_lock(&bp->b_interlock);
		if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_BUSY)) {
			simple_unlock(&bqueue_slock);
			if (curproc == uvm.pagedaemon_proc) {
				simple_unlock(&bp->b_interlock);
				splx(s);
				return NULL;
			}
			SET(bp->b_flags, B_WANTED);
			err = ltsleep(bp, slpflag | (PRIBIO + 1) | PNORELOCK,
					"getblk", slptimeo, &bp->b_interlock);
			splx(s);
			if (err)
				return (NULL);
			goto start;
		}
#ifdef DIAGNOSTIC
		if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_DONE|B_DELWRI) &&
		    bp->b_bcount < size && vp->v_type != VBLK)
			panic("getblk: block size invariant failed");
#endif
		SET(bp->b_flags, B_BUSY);
		bremfree(bp);
		preserve = 1;
	} else {
		if ((bp = getnewbuf(slpflag, slptimeo, 0)) == NULL) {
			simple_unlock(&bqueue_slock);
			splx(s);
			goto start;
		}

		binshash(bp, BUFHASH(vp, blkno));
		bp->b_blkno = bp->b_lblkno = bp->b_rawblkno = blkno;
		bgetvp(vp, bp);
		preserve = 0;
	}
	simple_unlock(&bp->b_interlock);
	simple_unlock(&bqueue_slock);
	splx(s);
	/*
	 * LFS can't track total size of B_LOCKED buffer (locked_queue_bytes)
	 * if we re-size buffers here.
	 */
	if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_LOCKED)) {
		KASSERT(bp->b_bufsize >= size);
	} else {
		allocbuf(bp, size, preserve);
	}
	return (bp);
}

/*
 * Get an empty, disassociated buffer of given size.
 */
struct buf *
geteblk(int size)
{
	struct buf *bp; 
	int s;

	s = splbio();
	simple_lock(&bqueue_slock);
	while ((bp = getnewbuf(0, 0, 0)) == 0)
		;

	SET(bp->b_flags, B_INVAL);
	binshash(bp, &invalhash);
	simple_unlock(&bqueue_slock);
	simple_unlock(&bp->b_interlock);
	splx(s);
	allocbuf(bp, size, 0);
	return (bp);
}

/*
 * Expand or contract the actual memory allocated to a buffer.
 *
 * If the buffer shrinks, data is lost, so it's up to the
 * caller to have written it out *first*; this routine will not
 * start a write.  If the buffer grows, it's the callers
 * responsibility to fill out the buffer's additional contents.
 */
void
allocbuf(struct buf *bp, int size, int preserve)
{
	vsize_t oldsize, desired_size;
	caddr_t addr;
	int s, delta;

	desired_size = buf_roundsize(size);
	if (desired_size > MAXBSIZE)
		printf("allocbuf: buffer larger than MAXBSIZE requested");

	bp->b_bcount = size;

	oldsize = bp->b_bufsize;
	if (oldsize == desired_size)
		return;

	/*
	 * If we want a buffer of a different size, re-allocate the
	 * buffer's memory; copy old content only if needed.
	 */
	addr = buf_malloc(desired_size);
	if (preserve)
		memcpy(addr, bp->b_data, MIN(oldsize,desired_size));
	if (bp->b_data != NULL)
		buf_mrelease(bp->b_data, oldsize);
	bp->b_data = addr;
	bp->b_bufsize = desired_size;

	/*
	 * Update overall buffer memory counter (protected by bqueue_slock)
	 */
	delta = (long)desired_size - (long)oldsize;

	s = splbio();
	simple_lock(&bqueue_slock);
	if ((bufmem += delta) > bufmem_hiwater) {
		/*
		 * Need to trim overall memory usage.
		 */
		while (buf_canrelease()) {
			if (buf_trim() == 0)
				break;
		}
	}

	simple_unlock(&bqueue_slock);
	splx(s);
}

/*
 * Find a buffer which is available for use.
 * Select something from a free list.
 * Preference is to AGE list, then LRU list.    
 *
 * Called at splbio and with buffer queues locked.
 * Return buffer locked.
 */
struct buf *
getnewbuf(int slpflag, int slptimeo, int from_bufq)
{
	struct buf *bp;

start:
	LOCK_ASSERT(simple_lock_held(&bqueue_slock));

	/*
	 * Get a new buffer from the pool; but use NOWAIT because
	 * we have the buffer queues locked.
	 */
	if (buf_lotsfree() && !from_bufq &&
	    (bp = pool_get(&bufpool, PR_NOWAIT)) != NULL) {
		memset((char *)bp, 0, sizeof(*bp));
		BUF_INIT(bp);
		bp->b_dev = NODEV;
		bp->b_vnbufs.le_next = NOLIST;
		bp->b_flags = B_BUSY;
		simple_lock(&bp->b_interlock);
		return (bp);
	}

	if ((bp = TAILQ_FIRST(&bufqueues[BQ_AGE])) != NULL ||
	    (bp = TAILQ_FIRST(&bufqueues[BQ_LRU])) != NULL) {
		simple_lock(&bp->b_interlock);
		bremfree(bp);
	} else {
		/* wait for a free buffer of any kind */
		needbuffer = 1;
		ltsleep(&needbuffer, slpflag|(PRIBIO+1),
			"getnewbuf", slptimeo, &bqueue_slock);
		return (NULL);
	}

#ifdef DIAGNOSTIC
	if (bp->b_bufsize <= 0)
		panic("buffer %p: on queue but empty", bp);
#endif

	if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_VFLUSH)) {
		/*
		 * This is a delayed write buffer being flushed to disk.  Make
		 * sure it gets aged out of the queue when it's finished, and
		 * leave it off the LRU queue.
		 */
		CLR(bp->b_flags, B_VFLUSH);
		SET(bp->b_flags, B_AGE);
		simple_unlock(&bp->b_interlock);
		goto start;
	}

	/* Buffer is no longer on free lists. */
	SET(bp->b_flags, B_BUSY);

	/*
	 * If buffer was a delayed write, start it and return NULL
	 * (since we might sleep while starting the write).
	 */
	if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_DELWRI)) {
		/*
		 * This buffer has gone through the LRU, so make sure it gets
		 * reused ASAP.
		 */
		SET(bp->b_flags, B_AGE);
		simple_unlock(&bp->b_interlock);
		simple_unlock(&bqueue_slock);
		bawrite(bp);
		simple_lock(&bqueue_slock);
		return (NULL);
	}

	/* disassociate us from our vnode, if we had one... */
	if (bp->b_vp)
		brelvp(bp);

	if (LIST_FIRST(&bp->b_dep) != NULL && bioops.io_deallocate)
		(*bioops.io_deallocate)(bp);

	/* clear out various other fields */
	bp->b_flags = B_BUSY;
	bp->b_dev = NODEV;
	bp->b_blkno = bp->b_lblkno = bp->b_rawblkno = 0;
	bp->b_iodone = 0;
	bp->b_error = 0;
	bp->b_resid = 0;
	bp->b_bcount = 0;
	
	bremhash(bp);
	return (bp); 
}

/*
 * Attempt to free an aged buffer off the queues.
 * Called at splbio and with queue lock held.
 * Returns the amount of buffer memory freed.
 */
int
buf_trim(void)
{
	struct buf *bp;
	long size = 0;
	int wanted;

	/* Instruct getnewbuf() to get buffers off the queues */
	if ((bp = getnewbuf(PCATCH, 1, 1)) == NULL)
		return 0;

	wanted = ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_WANTED);
	simple_unlock(&bp->b_interlock);
	if (wanted) {
		printf("buftrim: got WANTED buffer\n");
		SET(bp->b_flags, B_INVAL);
		binshash(bp, &invalhash);
		simple_unlock(&bqueue_slock);
		goto out;
	}
	size = bp->b_bufsize;
	bufmem -= size;
	simple_unlock(&bqueue_slock);
	if (size > 0) {
		buf_mrelease(bp->b_data, size);
		bp->b_bcount = bp->b_bufsize = 0;
	}

out:
	/* brelse() will return the buffer to the global buffer pool */
	brelse(bp);
	simple_lock(&bqueue_slock);
	return size;
}

int
buf_drain(int n)
{
	int s, size = 0;

	/* If not asked for a specific amount, make our own estimate */
	if (n == 0)
		n = buf_canrelease();

	s = splbio();
	simple_lock(&bqueue_slock);
	while (n-- > 0 && bufmem > bufmem_lowater)
		size += buf_trim();
	simple_unlock(&bqueue_slock);
	splx(s);
	return size;
}

/*
 * Wait for operations on the buffer to complete.
 * When they do, extract and return the I/O's error value.
 */
int
biowait(struct buf *bp)
{
	int s, error;
	
	s = splbio();
	simple_lock(&bp->b_interlock);
	while (!ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_DONE | B_DELWRI))
		ltsleep(bp, PRIBIO + 1, "biowait", 0, &bp->b_interlock);

	/* check for interruption of I/O (e.g. via NFS), then errors. */
	if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_EINTR)) {
		CLR(bp->b_flags, B_EINTR);
		error = EINTR;
	} else if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_ERROR))
		error = bp->b_error ? bp->b_error : EIO;
	else
		error = 0;

	simple_unlock(&bp->b_interlock);
	splx(s);
	return (error);
}

/*
 * Mark I/O complete on a buffer.
 *
 * If a callback has been requested, e.g. the pageout
 * daemon, do so. Otherwise, awaken waiting processes.
 *
 * [ Leffler, et al., says on p.247:
 *	"This routine wakes up the blocked process, frees the buffer
 *	for an asynchronous write, or, for a request by the pagedaemon
 *	process, invokes a procedure specified in the buffer structure" ]
 *
 * In real life, the pagedaemon (or other system processes) wants
 * to do async stuff to, and doesn't want the buffer brelse()'d.
 * (for swap pager, that puts swap buffers on the free lists (!!!),
 * for the vn device, that puts malloc'd buffers on the free lists!)
 */
void
biodone(struct buf *bp)
{
	int s = splbio();

	simple_lock(&bp->b_interlock);
	if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_DONE))
		panic("biodone already");
	SET(bp->b_flags, B_DONE);		/* note that it's done */

	if (LIST_FIRST(&bp->b_dep) != NULL && bioops.io_complete)
		(*bioops.io_complete)(bp);

	if (!ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_READ))	/* wake up reader */
		vwakeup(bp);

	/*
	 * If necessary, call out.  Unlock the buffer before calling
	 * iodone() as the buffer isn't valid any more when it return.
	 */
	if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_CALL)) {
		CLR(bp->b_flags, B_CALL);	/* but note callout done */
		simple_unlock(&bp->b_interlock);
		(*bp->b_iodone)(bp);
	} else {
		if (ISSET(bp->b_flags, B_ASYNC)) {	/* if async, release */
			simple_unlock(&bp->b_interlock);
			brelse(bp);
		} else {			/* or just wakeup the buffer */
			CLR(bp->b_flags, B_WANTED);
			wakeup(bp);
			simple_unlock(&bp->b_interlock);
		}
	}

	splx(s);
}

/*
 * Return a count of buffers on the "locked" queue.
 */
int
count_lock_queue(void)
{
	struct buf *bp;
	int n = 0;

	simple_lock(&bqueue_slock);
	TAILQ_FOREACH(bp, &bufqueues[BQ_LOCKED], b_freelist)
		n++;
	simple_unlock(&bqueue_slock);
	return (n);
}

/*
 * Wait for all buffers to complete I/O
 * Return the number of "stuck" buffers.
 */
int
buf_syncwait(void)
{
	struct buf *bp;
	int iter, nbusy, nbusy_prev = 0, dcount, s, ihash;

	dcount = 10000;
	for (iter = 0; iter < 20;) {
		s = splbio();
		simple_lock(&bqueue_slock);
		nbusy = 0;
		for (ihash = 0; ihash < bufhash+1; ihash++) {
		    LIST_FOREACH(bp, &bufhashtbl[ihash], b_hash) {
			if ((bp->b_flags & (B_BUSY|B_INVAL|B_READ)) == B_BUSY)
				nbusy++;
			/*
			 * With soft updates, some buffers that are
			 * written will be remarked as dirty until other
			 * buffers are written.
			 */
			if (bp->b_vp && bp->b_vp->v_mount
			    && (bp->b_vp->v_mount->mnt_flag & MNT_SOFTDEP)
			    && (bp->b_flags & B_DELWRI)) {
				simple_lock(&bp->b_interlock);
				bremfree(bp);
				bp->b_flags |= B_BUSY;
				nbusy++;
				simple_unlock(&bp->b_interlock);
				simple_unlock(&bqueue_slock);
				bawrite(bp);
				if (dcount-- <= 0) {
					printf("softdep ");
					goto fail;
				}
				simple_lock(&bqueue_slock);
			}
		    }
		}

		simple_unlock(&bqueue_slock);
		splx(s);

		if (nbusy == 0)
			break;
		if (nbusy_prev == 0)
			nbusy_prev = nbusy;
		printf("%d ", nbusy);
		tsleep(&nbusy, PRIBIO, "bflush",
		    (iter == 0) ? 1 : hz / 25 * iter);
		if (nbusy >= nbusy_prev) /* we didn't flush anything */
			iter++;
		else
			nbusy_prev = nbusy;
	}

	if (nbusy) {
fail:;
#if defined(DEBUG) || defined(DEBUG_HALT_BUSY)
		printf("giving up\nPrinting vnodes for busy buffers\n");
		for (ihash = 0; ihash < bufhash+1; ihash++) {
		    LIST_FOREACH(bp, &bufhashtbl[ihash], b_hash) {
			if ((bp->b_flags & (B_BUSY|B_INVAL|B_READ)) == B_BUSY)
				vprint(NULL, bp->b_vp);
		    }
		}
#endif
	}

	return nbusy;
}

#define KERN_BUFSLOP 20
static int
sysctl_dobuf(SYSCTLFN_ARGS)
{
	struct buf *bp;
	char *dp;
	u_int i, elem_size;
	size_t len, buflen, needed;
	int error, s;

	dp = oldp;
	len = buflen = oldp != NULL ? *oldlenp : 0;
	error = 0;
	needed = 0;
	elem_size = sizeof(struct buf);

	s = splbio();
	simple_lock(&bqueue_slock);
	for (i = 0; i < BQUEUES; i++) {
		TAILQ_FOREACH(bp, &bufqueues[i], b_freelist) {
			if (len >= sizeof(elem_size)) {
				error = copyout(bp, dp, elem_size);
				if (error)
					goto cleanup;
				dp += elem_size;
				len -= elem_size;
			}
			needed += elem_size;
		}
	}
cleanup:
	simple_unlock(&bqueue_slock);
	splx(s);

	if (oldp != NULL) {
		*oldlenp = (char *)dp - (char *)oldp;
		if (needed > *oldlenp)
			error = ENOMEM;
	} else {
		needed += KERN_BUFSLOP;
		*oldlenp = needed;
	}

	return (error);
}

static int sysctlnum_bufcache, sysctlnum_bufmemhiwater, sysctlnum_bufmemlowater;

static int
sysctl_bufvm_update(SYSCTLFN_ARGS)
{
	int t, error;
	struct sysctlnode node;

	node = *rnode;
	node.sysctl_data = &t;
	t = *(int*)rnode->sysctl_data;
	error = sysctl_lookup(SYSCTLFN_CALL(&node));
	if (error || newp == NULL)
		return (error);

	if (rnode->sysctl_num == sysctlnum_bufcache) {
		if (t < 0 || t > 100)
			return (EINVAL);
		bufcache = t;
		bufmem_hiwater = buf_memcalc();
		bufmem_lowater = (bufmem_hiwater >> 4);
	} else if (rnode->sysctl_num == sysctlnum_bufmemlowater) {
		bufmem_lowater = t;
	} else if (rnode->sysctl_num == sysctlnum_bufmemhiwater) {
		bufmem_hiwater = t;
	} else
		return (EINVAL);

	/* Drain until below new high water mark */
	while ((t = bufmem - bufmem_hiwater) >= 0) {
		if (buf_drain(t / (2*1024)) <= 0)
			break;
	}

	return 0;
}

SYSCTL_SETUP(sysctl_kern_buf_setup, "sysctl kern.buf subtree setup")
{
	struct sysctlnode *rnode;

	sysctl_createv(SYSCTL_PERMANENT,
		       CTLTYPE_NODE, "buf", NULL,
		       sysctl_dobuf, 0, NULL, 0,
		       CTL_KERN, KERN_BUF, CTL_EOL);

	rnode = NULL;
	if (sysctl_createv(SYSCTL_PERMANENT|SYSCTL_READWRITE,
			   CTLTYPE_INT, "bufcache", &rnode,
			   sysctl_bufvm_update, 0, &bufcache, 0,
			   CTL_VM, CTL_CREATE, CTL_EOL) == 0)
		sysctlnum_bufcache = rnode->sysctl_num;

	rnode = NULL;
	if (sysctl_createv(SYSCTL_PERMANENT|SYSCTL_READWRITE,
			   CTLTYPE_INT, "bufmem_lowater", &rnode,
			   sysctl_bufvm_update, 0, &bufmem_lowater, 0,
			   CTL_VM, CTL_CREATE, CTL_EOL) == 0)
		sysctlnum_bufmemlowater = rnode->sysctl_num;

	rnode = NULL;
	if (sysctl_createv(SYSCTL_PERMANENT|SYSCTL_READWRITE,
			   CTLTYPE_INT, "bufmem_hiwater", &rnode,
			   sysctl_bufvm_update, 0, &bufmem_hiwater, 0,
			   CTL_VM, CTL_CREATE, CTL_EOL) == 0)
		sysctlnum_bufmemhiwater = rnode->sysctl_num;
}

#ifdef DEBUG
/*
 * Print out statistics on the current allocation of the buffer pool.
 * Can be enabled to print out on every ``sync'' by setting "syncprt"
 * in vfs_syscalls.c using sysctl.
 */
void
vfs_bufstats(void)
{
	int s, i, j, count;
	struct buf *bp;
	struct bqueues *dp;
	int counts[(MAXBSIZE / PAGE_SIZE) + 1];
	static char *bname[BQUEUES] = { "LOCKED", "LRU", "AGE" };

	for (dp = bufqueues, i = 0; dp < &bufqueues[BQUEUES]; dp++, i++) {
		count = 0;
		for (j = 0; j <= MAXBSIZE/PAGE_SIZE; j++)
			counts[j] = 0;
		s = splbio();
		TAILQ_FOREACH(bp, dp, b_freelist) {
			counts[bp->b_bufsize/PAGE_SIZE]++;
			count++;
		}
		splx(s);
		printf("%s: total-%d", bname[i], count);
		for (j = 0; j <= MAXBSIZE/PAGE_SIZE; j++)
			if (counts[j] != 0)
				printf(", %d-%d", j * PAGE_SIZE, counts[j]);
		printf("\n");
	}
}
#endif /* DEBUG */