NetBSD/share/man/man9/spl.9

.\"	$NetBSD: spl.9,v 1.8 2000/08/21 22:53:53 thorpej Exp $
.\"
.\" Copyright (c) 2000 Jason R. Thorpe.  All rights reserved.
.\" Copyright (c) 1997 Michael Long.
.\" Copyright (c) 1997 Jonathan Stone.
.\" All rights reserved.
.\"
.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
.\" are met:
.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
.\"    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
.\"    documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
.\" 3. The name of the author may not be used to endorse or promote products
.\"    derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
.\"
.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR
.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES
.\" OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED.
.\" IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT,
.\" INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT
.\" NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
.\" DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
.\" THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
.\" (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF
.\" THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
.\"
.Dd August 21, 2000
.Dt SPL 9
.Os
.Sh NAME
.Nm spl ,
.Nm spl0 ,
.Nm splbio ,
.Nm splclock ,
.Nm splhigh ,
.Nm splimp ,
.Nm spllowersoftclock ,
.Nm splnet ,
.Nm splsched ,
.Nm splserial ,
.Nm splsoftclock ,
.Nm splsoftnet ,
.Nm splsoftserial ,
.Nm splstatclock ,
.Nm spltty ,
.Nm splx
.Nd modify system interrupt priority level
.Sh SYNOPSIS
.Fd #include <machine/intr.h>
.Ft int
.Fn splhigh void
.Ft int
.Fn splsched void
.Ft int
.Fn splserial void
.Ft int
.Fn splclock void
.Ft int
.Fn splstatclock void
.Ft int
.Fn splimp void
.Ft int
.Fn spltty void
.Ft int
.Fn splsoftserial void
.Ft int
.Fn splnet void
.Ft int
.Fn splbio void
.Ft int
.Fn splsoftnet void
.Ft int
.Fn splsoftclock void
.Ft void
.Fn spllowersoftclock void
.Ft void
.Fn spl0 void
.Ft void
.Fn splx "int s"
.Sh DESCRIPTION
These functions raise and lower the system priority level.
They are used by kernel code to block interrupts in critical
sections, in order to protect data structures (much like
a locking primitive) or to ensure uninterrupted access to
hardware devices which are sensitive to timing.
.Pp
Interrupt priorities are not arranged in a strict heirarchy, although
interrupt hardware sometimes is.  For this reason the priorities
listed here are arranged from
.Dq highest
to
.Dq lowest .
In other words, if a platform's hardware interrutps are arranged in
a heirarchical manner, a priority level should also block all of the
levels listed below it.
.Pp
Note that a strict heirarchy is not required.  For example,
.Fn splnet
is not required to block disk controller interrupts, as they
do not access the same data structures.  However, the priorities
are presented as a heirarchy in order to minimize data loss due
to blocked interrupts, or interrupts not being serviced in a
timely fashion.
.Pp
A
.Nm
function exists for each distinct priority level which can exist in
the system, as well as for some special priority levels that are
designed to be used in conjunction with multiprocessor-safe locking
primitives.  These levels may be divided into two main types: hard
and soft.  Hard interrupts are generated by hardware devices.  Soft
interrupts are a way of deferring hardware interrupts to do more
expensive processing at a lower interrupt priority, and are explicitly
scheduled by the higher-level interrupt handler.  The most common use
of this is in the networking code, where network interface drivers
defer the more expensive TCP/IP processing in order to avoid dropping
additional incoming packets.  Software interrutps are further described
by
.Xr softintr 9 .
.Pp
In order of highest to lowest priority, the priority-raising functions
are:
.Bl -tag -width splsoftserialXX
.It Fn splhigh
blocks all hard and soft interrupts.  It is used for code that cannot
tolerate any interrupts, like hardware context switching code and 
the
.Xr ddb 4
in-kernel debugger.
.It Fn splserial
blocks hard interrupts from serial interfaces (IPL_SERIAL).
Code running at this level may not access the tty subsystem.
Generally, all code run at this level must schedule additional
processing to run in a software interrupt.  Note that code running
at this priority is not blocked by
.Fn splimp
(described below), and is therefore prohibited from using the
kernel memory allocators.
.It Fn splsched
blocks all hard and soft interrupts that may access scheduler data
structures.  Code running at or above this level may not call
.Fn sleep ,
.Fn tsleep ,
.Fn ltsleep ,
or
.Fn wakeup ,
nor may it post signals.
.It Fn splclock
blocks the hardware clock interrupt.  It is used by
.Fn hardclock
to update kernel and process times, and must be used by any other code
that accesses time-related data, specifically the
.Va time
and
.Va mono_time
global variables.
This level also protects the
.Xr callout 9
data structures, and nothing running at or above this level may
schedule, cancel, or otherwise access any callout-related data
structures.
.It Fn splstatclock
blocks the hardware statistics clock interrupt.  It is used by
.Fn statclock
to update kernel profiling and other statistics, and must be used by
any code that accesses that data.  This is the clock that drives
scheduling.  This level is identical to
.Fn splclock
if there is no separate statistics clock.
.It Fn splimp
blocks hard interrupts from all devices that are allowed to use the
kernel
.Xr malloc 9 ,
or any virtual memory operations.
That includes all disk, network, and tty device interrupts.
.It Fn spltty
blocks hard and soft interrupts from TTY devices (IPL_TTY).  This
must also block soft serial interrupts.
.It Fn splsoftserial
blocks soft interrupts generated by serial devices (IPL_SOFTSERIAL).
.It Fn splnet
blocks hard interrupts from network interfaces (IPL_NET).
.It Fn splbio
blocks hard interrupts from disks and other mass-storage
devices (IPL_BIO).
.It Fn splsoftnet
blocks soft network interrupts (IPL_SOFTNET).  Soft interrupts blocked
by this priority are also blocked by all of the priorities listed
above.
.It Fn splsoftclock
blocks soft clock interrupts.  This is the priority at which the
.Xr callout 9
facility runs.  Soft interrupts blocked by this priority are also blocked
by all of the priorities listed above.  In particular,
.Fn splsoftnet
must be a higher priority than
.Fn splsoftclock .
.El
.Pp
Two functions lower the system priority level.  They are:
.Bl -tag -width spllowersoftclockXX
.It Fn spllowersoftclock
unblocks all interrupts but the soft clock interrupt.
.It Fn spl0
unblocks all interrupts.
.El
.Pp
The
.Fn splx
function restores the system priority level to the one encoded in
.Fa s ,
which must be a value previously returned by one of the other
.Nm
functions.
.Pp
Note that the functions which lower the system priority level
.Po
.Fn spllowersoftclock ,
.Fn spl0 ,
and
.Fn splx
.Pc
do not return a value.  They should only be used
in places where the system priority level is being decreased
permanently.  It is inappropriate to attempt to use them where the
system priority level is being decreased temporarily, and would
need to be restored to a previous value before continuing.
.Pp
.Sh HISTORY
.Pp
Originally,
.Fn splsoftclock
lowered the system priority level.
During the
.Nx 1.5
development cycle,
.Fn spllowersoftclock
was introduced and the semantics of
.Fn splsoftclock
were changed.
.Pp