2003-08-07 14:30:41 +04:00
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.\" $NetBSD: Title,v 1.3 2003/08/07 10:30:52 agc Exp $
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1998-01-09 09:54:57 +03:00
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.\"
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1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.\" Copyright (c) 1986, 1993, 1994 The Regents of the University of California.
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1993-03-21 12:45:37 +03:00
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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2003-08-07 14:30:41 +04:00
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.\" 3. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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1993-03-21 12:45:37 +03:00
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.\" @(#)Title 8.5 (Berkeley) 8/8/94
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1993-03-21 12:45:37 +03:00
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.\"
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1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.af % i
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.nr LL 6.5i
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.EH ''''
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.OH ''''
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.EF ''''
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.OF ''''
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\&
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.sp |1.5i
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.nr PS 36
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.nr VS 39
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.LP
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1993-03-21 12:45:37 +03:00
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.ft B
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.ce 2
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1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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4.4BSD
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System Manager's Manual
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.nr PS 24
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.nr VS 32
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 1
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1993-03-21 12:45:37 +03:00
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(SMM)
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1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.bp
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\&
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.sp |0.83i
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.nr PS 14
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.nr VS 16.5
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.LP
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Now in its twentieth year, the USENIX Association,
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the UNIX and Advanced Computing Systems professional and technical organization,
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is a not-for-profit membership association of individuals and
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institutions with an interest in UNIX and UNIX-like systems,
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and, by extension, C++, X windows, and other advanced tools and technologies.
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.LP
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USENIX and its members are dedicated to:
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.IP \(bu
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fostering innovation and communicating research and technological developments,
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.IP \(bu
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sharing ideas and experience relevant to UNIX,
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UNIX-related, and advanced computing systems, and
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.IP \(bu
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providing a neutral forum for the exercise of critical
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thought and airing of technical issues.
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.LP
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USENIX publishes a journal (\fBComputing Systems\fP),
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a newsletter (\fI;login:\fP),
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Proceedings from its frequent Conferences and Symposia,
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and a Book Series.
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.LP
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SAGE, The Systems Administrators Guild, a Special Technical Group with
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the USENIX Association, is dedicated to the advancement of system
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administration as a profession.
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.LP
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SAGE brings together systems managers and administrators to:
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.IP \(bu
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propagate knowledge of good professional practice,
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.IP \(bu
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recruit talented individuals to the profession,
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.IP \(bu
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recognize individuals who attain professional excellence,
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.IP \(bu
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foster technical development and share solutions to technical
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problems, and
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.IP \(bu
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communicate in an organized voice with users, management, and vendors
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on system administration topics.
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1993-03-21 12:45:37 +03:00
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.bp
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1994-06-19 04:07:16 +04:00
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\&
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.sp |1i
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1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.nr PS 36
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.nr VS 39
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 2
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4.4BSD
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System Manager's Manual
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.nr PS 24
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.nr VS 32
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 1
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(SMM)
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.sp 1i
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.nr PS 24
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.nr VS 26
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 1
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Berkeley Software Distribution
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.nr PS 18
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.nr VS 26
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 1
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April, 1994
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.sp 1i
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.nr PS 18
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.nr VS 20
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 2
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Computer Systems Research Group
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University of California at Berkeley
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.sp 2.75i
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.nr PS 12
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.nr VS 14.5
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 4
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A USENIX Association Book
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O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
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103 Morris Street, Suite A
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Sebastopol, CA 94572
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.bp
|
1993-03-21 12:45:37 +03:00
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.hy 0
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1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.nr PS 9
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.nr VS 11
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.LP
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First Printing, 1994
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.br
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Second Printing, 1995
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.sp 0.8
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.LP
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Copyright 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994
|
1994-06-19 04:07:16 +04:00
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The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.sp 0.8
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.LP
|
1994-06-19 04:07:16 +04:00
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Other than the specific manual pages and documents listed below
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as copyrighted by AT&T,
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redistribution and use of this manual in source and binary forms,
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with or without modification, are permitted provided that the
|
|
|
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|
|
following conditions are met:
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
|
|
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.IP 1)
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Redistributions of this manual must retain the copyright
|
1994-06-19 04:07:16 +04:00
|
|
|
|
notices on this page, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.IP 2)
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Software or documentation that incorporates part of this manual must
|
1994-06-19 04:07:16 +04:00
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reproduce the copyright notices on this page, this list of conditions and
|
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the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
|
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provided with the distribution.
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
|
|
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|
.IP 3)
|
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|
All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
|
1994-06-19 04:07:16 +04:00
|
|
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|
must display the following acknowledgement:
|
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|
``This product includes software developed by the University of
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|
|
California, Berkeley and its contributors.''
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
|
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.IP 4)
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|
Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
|
1994-06-19 04:07:16 +04:00
|
|
|
|
may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
|
|
|
|
|
|
without specific prior written permission.
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
1994-06-19 04:07:16 +04:00
|
|
|
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\fB\s-1THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
|
|
|
|
|
|
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
|
|
|
|
|
|
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
|
|
|
|
|
|
ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
|
|
|
|
|
|
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
|
|
|
|
|
|
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
|
|
|
|
|
|
OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
|
|
|
|
|
|
HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
|
|
|
|
|
|
LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
|
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|
OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
|
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SUCH DAMAGE.\s+1\fP
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.sp 0.8
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.LP
|
1994-06-19 04:07:16 +04:00
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The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American
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National Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems have
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given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation.
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.LP
|
1994-06-19 04:07:16 +04:00
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In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions
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of the system documentation.
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.LP
|
1994-06-19 04:07:16 +04:00
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``Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in
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electronic form in 4.4BSD from IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, IEEE
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Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Computer Environments
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(POSIX), copyright 1988 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
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Engineers, Inc. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions
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and the original IEEE Standard, the original IEEE Standard is the referee
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document.''
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.LP
|
1994-06-19 04:07:16 +04:00
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In the following statement, the phrase ``This material'' refers to portions
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of the system documentation.
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.LP
|
1994-06-19 04:07:16 +04:00
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``This material is reproduced with permission from American National
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Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems. Computer and
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Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA), 311 First St., NW,
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Suite 500, Washington, DC 20001-2178. The developmental work of
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Programming Language C was completed by the X3J11 Technical Committee.''
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.sp 0.8
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.LP
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1994-06-19 04:07:16 +04:00
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Manual pages cron.8, icheck.8, ncheck.8, and sa.8
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and documents SMM:15, 16, and 17
|
1993-03-21 12:45:37 +03:00
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are copyright 1979, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Incorporated.
|
1994-06-19 04:07:16 +04:00
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Document SMM:14 is a modification of an earlier document that
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is copyrighted 1979 by AT&T Bell Laboratories, Incorporated.
|
1993-03-21 12:45:37 +03:00
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Holders of \x'-1p'UNIX\v'-4p'\s-3TM\s0\v'4p'/32V,
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System III, or System V software licenses are
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permitted to copy these documents, or any portion of them,
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as necessary for licensed use of the software,
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provided this copyright notice and statement of permission
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are included.
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.sp 0.8
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.LP
|
1994-06-19 04:07:16 +04:00
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The views and conclusions contained in this manual are those of the
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1993-03-21 12:45:37 +03:00
|
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authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies,
|
1994-06-19 04:07:16 +04:00
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either expressed or implied, of the Regents of the University of California.
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.sp 0.8
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.LP
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The 4.4BSD Daemon used on the cover is
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copyright 1994 by Marshall Kirk McKusick
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and is reproduced with permission.
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1993-03-21 12:45:37 +03:00
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.br
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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This book was printed and bound in the United States of America.
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.br
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Distributed by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
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.sp 0.8
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.IP "[recycle logo]" 16
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This book is printed on acid-free paper with 50% recycled content,
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10-13% post-consumer waste. O'Reilly & Associates is committed to
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using paper with the highest recycled content available consistent
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with high quality.
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.LP
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.sp 0.8
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ISBN: 1-56592-080-5
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.bp
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.OH '\s10Contents''- % -\s0'
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.EH '\s10- % -''Contents\s0'
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\&
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.sp |1.5i
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.nr PS 24
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.nr VS 26
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.LP
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.ce 1
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\fBContents\fP
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.sp 1
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.nr PS 12
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.nr VS 14
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.IP
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.tl 'Introduction''vii'
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'List of Manual Pages''ix'
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'Permuted Index''xxxix'
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.sp
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.IP
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.tl 'Reference Manual Section 8''tabbed M8'
|
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.QP
|
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Section 8 of the UNIX Programmer's Manual contains information related to
|
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system operation, administration, and maintenance.
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.sp
|
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.IP
|
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.tl 'Installing and Operating 4.4BSD''tabbed 1'
|
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.QP
|
|
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|
|
|
The definitive reference document for those occasions when
|
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|
you find you need to start over again.
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.sp
|
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.IP
|
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.tl 'Building 4.4BSD Kernels with \fIConfig\fP''tabbed 2'
|
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.QP
|
|
|
|
|
|
In-depth discussions of the use and operation of the \fIconfig\fP
|
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|
|
|
program, and how to build your very own Unix kernel.
|
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|
.sp
|
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.IP
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.tl 'Fsck \- The UNIX File System Check Program''tabbed 3'
|
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.QP
|
|
|
|
|
|
A reference document for using the \fIfsck\fP program during
|
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|
|
|
times of file system distress.
|
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|
.sp
|
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.IP
|
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.tl 'Disc Quotas in a UNIX Environment''tabbed 4'
|
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.QP
|
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|
|
A light introduction to the techniques
|
|
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|
|
|
for limiting the use of disc resources.
|
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|
.sp
|
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.IP
|
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.tl 'A Fast File System for UNIX''tabbed 5'
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.QP
|
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|
|
A description of the 4.4BSD file system organization,
|
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|
|
|
design and implementation.
|
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|
|
|
|
.sp
|
|
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.IP
|
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|
.tl 'The 4.4BSD NFS Implementation''tabbed 6'
|
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|
.QP
|
|
|
|
|
|
An overview of the design, implementation, and use of NFS on 4.4BSD.
|
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|
|
|
|
.sp
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IP
|
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|
|
.tl 'Line Printer Spooler Manual''tabbed 7'
|
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|
|
.QP
|
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|
|
|
This document describes the structure and installation procedure
|
|
|
|
|
|
for the line printer spooling system.
|
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|
|
.sp
|
|
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|
.IP
|
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|
|
.tl 'Sendmail Installation and Operation Guide''tabbed 8'
|
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|
|
|
.QP
|
|
|
|
|
|
The last word in installing and operating the \fIsendmail\fP program.
|
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|
|
|
.sp 0.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IP
|
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|
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|
|
.tl 'Sendmail \- An Internetwork Mail Router''tabbed 9'
|
|
|
|
|
|
.QP
|
|
|
|
|
|
An overview document on the design and implementation of \fIsendmail\fP.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.sp 0.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IP
|
|
|
|
|
|
.tl 'Name Server Operations Guide for BIND''tabbed 10'
|
|
|
|
|
|
.QP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Setting up and operating the name to Internet addressing software.
|
|
|
|
|
|
If you have a network this will be of interest.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.sp 0.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IP
|
|
|
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|
|
.tl 'Timed Installation and Operation Guide''tabbed 11'
|
|
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|
|
.QP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Describes how to maintain time synchronization between machines
|
|
|
|
|
|
in a local network.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.sp 0.8
|
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|
.IP
|
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|
|
.tl 'The Berkeley UNIX Time Synchronization Protocol''tabbed 12'
|
|
|
|
|
|
.QP
|
|
|
|
|
|
The protocols and algorithms used by timed,
|
|
|
|
|
|
the network time synchronization daemon.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.sp 0.8
|
|
|
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|
|
.IP
|
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|
|
.tl 'AMD \- The 4.4BSD Automounter''tabbed 13'
|
|
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|
|
|
.QP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Automatically mounting file systems on demand.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.sp 0.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IP
|
|
|
|
|
|
.tl 'Installation and Operation of UUCP''tabbed 14'
|
|
|
|
|
|
.QP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Describes the implementation of uucp; for the installer and administrator.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.sp 0.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IP
|
|
|
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|
|
.tl 'A Dial\-Up Network of UNIX Systems''tabbed 15'
|
|
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|
|
|
.QP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Describes UUCP, a program for communicating files between UNIX systems.
|
|
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|
|
|
.sp 0.8
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IP
|
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|
|
.tl 'On the Security of UNIX''tabbed 16'
|
|
|
|
|
|
.QP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hints on how to break UNIX, and how to avoid your system being broken.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.sp 0.8
|
|
|
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|
|
.IP
|
|
|
|
|
|
.tl 'Password Security \- A Case History''tabbed 17'
|
|
|
|
|
|
.QP
|
|
|
|
|
|
How the bad guys used to be able to break the password algorithm, and why
|
|
|
|
|
|
they cannot now (at least not so easily).
|
|
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|
|
.sp 0.8
|
|
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|
|
.IP
|
|
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|
|
.tl 'Networking Implementation Notes, 4.4BSD Edition''tabbed 18'
|
|
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|
|
|
.QP
|
|
|
|
|
|
A concise description of the system interfaces used within the
|
|
|
|
|
|
networking subsystem.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.sp 0.8
|
|
|
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|
|
.IP
|
|
|
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|
|
.tl 'The PERL Programming Language''tabbed 19'
|
|
|
|
|
|
.QP
|
|
|
|
|
|
The Practical Extraction and Report Language is ideal for
|
|
|
|
|
|
writing those pesky adminitration scripts.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.sp 0.8
|
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|
.IP
|
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|
.tl 'List of Documents''inside back cover'
|
|
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|
|
|
.if o .bp
|
|
|
|
|
|
\&
|
|
|
|
|
|
.EH ''''
|
|
|
|
|
|
.OH ''''
|
|
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|
|
.bp
|
|
|
|
|
|
.OH '\s10Introduction''- % -\s0'
|
|
|
|
|
|
.EH '\s10- % -''Introduction\s0'
|
|
|
|
|
|
.de IR
|
|
|
|
|
|
\fI\\$1\^\fR\\$2
|
1993-03-21 12:45:37 +03:00
|
|
|
|
..
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
|
|
|
|
.de RI
|
|
|
|
|
|
\fR\\$1\fI\\$2\^\fR\\$3
|
1993-03-21 12:45:37 +03:00
|
|
|
|
..
|
|
|
|
|
|
.ce
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
|
|
|
|
\fB\s24Introduction\s0\fP
|
|
|
|
|
|
.sp 2
|
|
|
|
|
|
.nr PS 10
|
|
|
|
|
|
.nr VS 12
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
The documentation for 4.4BSD is in a format similar
|
|
|
|
|
|
to the one used for the 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD manuals.
|
|
|
|
|
|
It is divided into three sets; each set consists of one or more volumes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The abbreviations for the volume names are listed in square brackets;
|
|
|
|
|
|
the abbreviations for the manual sections are listed in parenthesis.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.DS
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. User's Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
User's Reference Manual [URM]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Commands (1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Games (6)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Macro packages and language conventions (7)
|
|
|
|
|
|
User's Supplementary Documents [USD]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Getting Started
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic Utilities
|
|
|
|
|
|
Communicating with the World
|
|
|
|
|
|
Text Editing
|
|
|
|
|
|
Document Preparation
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amusements
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
II. Programmer's Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Programmer's Reference Manual [PRM]
|
|
|
|
|
|
System calls (2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Subroutines (3)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Special files (4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
File formats and conventions (5)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Programmer's Supplementary Documents [PSD]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Documents of Historic Interest
|
|
|
|
|
|
Languages in common use
|
|
|
|
|
|
Programming Tools
|
|
|
|
|
|
Programming Libraries
|
|
|
|
|
|
General Reference
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
III. System Manager's Manual [SMM]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Maintenance commands (8)
|
|
|
|
|
|
System Installation and Administration
|
|
|
|
|
|
.DE
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
References to individual documents are given as ``volume:document'',
|
|
|
|
|
|
thus USD:1 refers to the first document in the ``User's Supplementary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Documents''.
|
|
|
|
|
|
References to manual pages are given as ``\fIname\fP(section)'' thus
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IR sh (1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
refers to the shell manual entry in section 1.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
The manual pages give descriptions of the features of the
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.4BSD system, as developed at the University of California at Berkeley.
|
|
|
|
|
|
They do not attempt to provide perspective or tutorial information about the
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.4BSD operating system, its facilities, or its implementation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Various documents on those topics are contained in the
|
|
|
|
|
|
``\s-1UNIX\s+1 User's Supplementary Documents'' (USD), the
|
|
|
|
|
|
``\s-1UNIX\s+1 Programmer's Supplementary Documents'' (PSD),
|
|
|
|
|
|
and ``\s-1UNIX\s+1 System Manager's Manual'' (SMM).
|
|
|
|
|
|
In particular, for an overview see ``The \s-1UNIX\s+1 Time-Sharing System'' (PSD:1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
by Ritchie and Thompson; for a tutorial see
|
|
|
|
|
|
``\s8\s-1UNIX\s+1\s10 for Beginners'' (USD:1) by Kernighan,
|
|
|
|
|
|
and for an guide to the new features of this latest version, see
|
|
|
|
|
|
``Berkeley Software Architecture Manual (4.4 Edition)'' (PSD:5).
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Within the area it surveys, this volume attempts to be timely, complete
|
|
|
|
|
|
and concise. Where the latter two objectives conflict,
|
|
|
|
|
|
the obvious is often left unsaid in favor of brevity.
|
|
|
|
|
|
It is intended that each program be described as it is, not as it should be.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inevitably, this means that various sections will soon be out of date.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Commands are programs intended to be invoked directly by
|
|
|
|
|
|
the user, in contrast to subroutines, that are
|
|
|
|
|
|
intended to be called by the user's programs.
|
|
|
|
|
|
User commands are described in URM section 1.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Commands generally reside in directory
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I /bin
|
|
|
|
|
|
(for
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IR bin \|ary
|
|
|
|
|
|
programs).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Some programs also reside in
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I
|
|
|
|
|
|
/\|usr/\|bin,
|
|
|
|
|
|
.R
|
|
|
|
|
|
to save space in
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I /\|bin.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.R
|
|
|
|
|
|
These directories are searched automatically by the command interpreters.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Additional directories that may be of interest include
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I
|
|
|
|
|
|
/\|usr/\|contrib/\|bin,
|
|
|
|
|
|
.R
|
|
|
|
|
|
which has contributed software
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I
|
|
|
|
|
|
/\|usr/\|old/\|bin,
|
|
|
|
|
|
.R
|
|
|
|
|
|
which has old but sometimes still useful software and
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I
|
|
|
|
|
|
/\|usr/\|local/\|bin,
|
|
|
|
|
|
.R
|
|
|
|
|
|
which contains software local to your site.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Games have been relegated to URM section 6 and
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I
|
|
|
|
|
|
/\|usr/\|games,
|
|
|
|
|
|
.R
|
|
|
|
|
|
to keep them from contaminating
|
|
|
|
|
|
the more staid information of URM section 1.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Miscellaneous collection of information necessary for
|
|
|
|
|
|
writing in various specialized languages such as character codes,
|
|
|
|
|
|
macro packages for typesetting, etc is contained in URM section 7.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
System calls are entries into the BSD kernel.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The system call interface is identical to a C language
|
|
|
|
|
|
procedure call; the equivalent C procedures are described in PRM section 2.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
An assortment of subroutines is available;
|
|
|
|
|
|
they are described in PRM section 3.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The primary libraries in which they are kept are described in
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IR intro (3).
|
|
|
|
|
|
The functions are described in terms of C.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
PRM section 4 discusses the characteristics of
|
|
|
|
|
|
each system ``file'' that refers to an I/O device.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The names in this section refer to the HP300 device names for the hardware,
|
|
|
|
|
|
instead of the names of the special files themselves.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
The file formats and conventions (PRM section 5)
|
|
|
|
|
|
documents the structure of particular kinds of files;
|
|
|
|
|
|
for example, the form of the output of the loader and
|
|
|
|
|
|
assembler is given. Excluded are files used by only one command,
|
|
|
|
|
|
for example the assembler's intermediate files.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Commands and procedures intended for use primarily by the
|
|
|
|
|
|
system administrator are described in SMM section 8.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The files described here are almost all kept in the directory
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I /\|etc.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The system administration binaries reside in
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I
|
|
|
|
|
|
/\|sbin,
|
|
|
|
|
|
.R
|
|
|
|
|
|
and
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I
|
|
|
|
|
|
/\|usr/\|sbin.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Each section consists of independent entries of a page or so each.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The name of the entry is in the upper corners of its pages,
|
|
|
|
|
|
together with the section number.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Entries within each section are alphabetized.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The page numbers of each entry start at 1;
|
|
|
|
|
|
it is infeasible to number consecutively the pages of
|
|
|
|
|
|
a document like this that is republished in many variant forms.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
All entries are based on a common format;
|
|
|
|
|
|
not all subsections always appear.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.RS
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
The
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I name
|
|
|
|
|
|
subsection lists the exact names of the commands and subroutines
|
|
|
|
|
|
covered under the entry and gives a short description of their purpose.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
The
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IR synopsis ""
|
|
|
|
|
|
summarizes the use of the program being described.
|
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A few conventions are used, particularly in the Commands subsection:
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.LP
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.RS
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.B Boldface
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words are considered literals, and are typed just as they appear.
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.LP
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Square brackets [ ] around an argument show that the argument is optional.
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When an argument is given as ``name'', it always refers to a file name.
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.LP
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Ellipses ``.\|.\|.'' are used to show that the previous argument-prototype
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may be repeated.
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.LP
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A final convention is used by the commands themselves.
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An argument beginning with a minus sign ``\-'' usually means that it is an
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option-specifying argument, even if it appears in a position where
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a file name could appear. Therefore, it is unwise to have files whose
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names begin with ``\-''.
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.LP
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.RE
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The
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.IR description ""
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subsection discusses in detail the subject at hand.
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.LP
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The
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.IR files ""
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subsection gives the names of files that are built into the program.
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.LP
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A
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.I
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see also
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.R
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subsection gives pointers to related information.
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.LP
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A
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.I diagnostics
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subsection discusses the diagnostic indications that may be produced.
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Messages that are intended to be self-explanatory are not listed.
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.LP
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The
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.IR bugs ""
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subsection gives known bugs and sometimes deficiencies.
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Occasionally the suggested fix is also described.
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.LP
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.RE
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At the beginning of URM, PRM, and SSM is a List of Manual Pages,
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organized by section and alphabetically within each section, and a
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Permuted Index derived from that List.
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Within each index entry, the title of the writeup to which
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it refers is followed by the appropriate section number in parentheses.
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This fact is important because there is considerable
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name duplication among the sections, arising principally from commands that
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exist only to exercise a particular system call.
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Finally, there is a list of documents on the inside back cover of each volume.
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.if o .bp
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\&
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.EH ''''
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.OH ''''
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.bp
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.OH '\s10Manual Pages''- % -\s0'
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.EH '\s10- % -''Manual Pages\s0'
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.EF '\s10\\\\*(Dt''\\\\*(Ed\s0'
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.OF '\s10\\\\*(Ed''\\\\*(Dt\s0'
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.nr PS 10
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.nr VS 12
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.LP
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.ce
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\s24\fBList \|of \|Manual \|Pages\fP\s0
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.nr x 0.5
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.in +\nxi
|
1993-03-21 12:45:37 +03:00
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.nf
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.ta \n(.lu-\nxuR
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.de xx
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\\$1\f3 \a \fP\\$2
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..
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.de t
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.sp 1v
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.ne .5i
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.cs 3
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.ti -\\nxi
|
1993-03-21 12:45:37 +03:00
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.ss 18
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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\fB\\$2. \\$3\fP
|
1993-03-21 12:45:37 +03:00
|
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|
.ss 12
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|
.if t .sp .5v
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|
.cs 3 36
|
1994-06-19 04:07:16 +04:00
|
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|
.ds Ed Section \\$2
|
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|
.ds Dt \\$3
|
1993-03-21 12:45:37 +03:00
|
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|
.so \\$1
|
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|
..
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
|
|
|
|
.t ../../man/man0/toc1 1 "Commands and Application Programs"
|
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|
|
.t ../../man/man0/toc2 2 "System Calls"
|
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|
.t ../../man/man0/toc3 3 "C Library Subroutines"
|
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|
.t ../../man/man0/toc4 4 "Special Files"
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|
.t ../../man/man0/toc5 5 "File Formats"
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|
.t ../../man/man0/toc6 6 "Games"
|
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|
.t ../../man/man0/toc7 7 "Miscellaneous"
|
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|
.t ../../man/man0/toc8 8 "System Maintenance"
|
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|
.in -\nxi
|
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|
|
.cs 3
|
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|
.ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i
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|
.if o .bp
|
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|
\&
|
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|
.EH ''''
|
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.OH ''''
|
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.bp
|
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|
\&
|
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|
.OH '\s10Permuted Index''- % -\s0'
|
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|
.EH '\s10- % -''Permuted Index\s0'
|
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|
|
|
|
.ds Ed 4.4BSD
|
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|
|
|
|
.ds Dt April \|1994
|
|
|
|
|
|
.ce
|
|
|
|
|
|
\s24\fBPermuted \|Index\fP\s0
|
|
|
|
|
|
.sp 2
|
|
|
|
|
|
.nr PS 8
|
|
|
|
|
|
.nr VS 9
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
.\" backup from slotput 1, slot, 2
|
|
|
|
|
|
.tr ~
|
|
|
|
|
|
.nf
|
|
|
|
|
|
.cs 3 36
|
|
|
|
|
|
.de xx
|
|
|
|
|
|
.ds s1\"
|
|
|
|
|
|
.if \w\\$2 .ds s1 ~~\"
|
|
|
|
|
|
.ds s2 ~~~\"
|
|
|
|
|
|
.ds s3\"
|
|
|
|
|
|
.if \w\\$4 .ds s3 ~~\"
|
|
|
|
|
|
.ds s4 ~~\"
|
|
|
|
|
|
.ds s5 ~~\"
|
|
|
|
|
|
.ds y \\*(s4\f3\fP\\*(s5
|
|
|
|
|
|
.ta 6i-\w\\*(s5u
|
|
|
|
|
|
\h"3i-\w\\$1\\*(s1\\$2\\*(s2u"\\$1\\*(s1\\$2\\*(s2\\$3\\*(s3\\$4\\*y\\$5
|
|
|
|
|
|
..
|
|
|
|
|
|
.so ../../man/man0/ptxx
|
1993-03-21 12:45:37 +03:00
|
|
|
|
.cs 3
|
1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
|
|
|
|
.ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i
|
