448 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
448 lines
19 KiB
Plaintext
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Installing NetBSD is a relatively complex process, but if you have
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this document in hand and are careful to read and remember the
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information which is presented to you by the install program, it
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shouldn't be too much trouble.
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Before you begin, you should know the geometry of your hard disk, i.e.
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the sector size (note that sector sizes other than 512 bytes are not
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currently supported), the number of sectors per track, the number of
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tracks per cylinder (also known as the number of heads), and the
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number of cylinders on the disk. The NetBSD kernel will try to
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discover these parameters on its own, and if it can it will print them
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at boot time. If possible, you should use the parameters it prints.
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(You might not be able to because you're sharing your disk with
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another operating system, or because your disk is old enough that the
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kernel can't figure out its geometry.)
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If NetBSD will be sharing the disk with Human68k or another operating
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system, you should have already completed the section of these notes
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that instructed you on how to prepare your hard disk. You should know
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the size of the NetBSD area of the disk and its offset from the
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beginning of the disk. You will need this information when setting up
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your NetBSD partitions.
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You should now be ready to install NetBSD. It might be handy for you
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to have a pencil, some paper, and a calculator handy.
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The following is a walk-through of the steps you will take while
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getting NetBSD installed on your hard disk. If any question has a
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default answer, it will be displayed in brackets ("[]") after the
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question. If you wish to stop the installation, you may hit Control-C
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at any time, but if you do, you'll have to begin the installation
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process again from scratch.
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Boot your machine using of the appropriate kernel-copy floppy.
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If the boot prompt does not appear in a reasonable amount of
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time, you either have a bad boot floppy or a hardware problem.
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Try writing the kernel-copy floppy image to a different disk,
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and using that. If it still doesn't work, NetBSD probably
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can't be run on your hardware. This can probably be
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considered a bug, so you might want to report it. If you do,
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please include as many details about your system configuration
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as you can.
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It will take a while to load the kernel from the floppy,
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probably around a minute or so. After its loaded, you will be
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presented with the message:
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"Insert file system floppy"
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If you do not see that message after a reasonable time has
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elapsed, or the spinning cursor has stopped and nothing
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further has happened, either your boot floppy is bad or you
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are having hardware problems, and should proceed as outlined
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above.
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Once you have reached that prompt, remove the kernel-copy
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floppy from the floppy drive. Make sure that the installation
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disk (the "inst12" floppy) is writable, insert it into the
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floppy drive, and hit any key.
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You will then be presented with the NetBSD kernel boot
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messages. You will want to read them, to determine your
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disk's name and geometry. Its name will be something like
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"sd0" or "wd0" and the geometry will be printed on a line that
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begins with its name. As mentioned above, you will need your
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disk's geometry when creating NetBSD's partitions. You will
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also need to know the name, to tell the install tools what
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disk to install on.
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While booting, you will probably see several warnings. You
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should be warned that no swap space is present, and that
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init(8) cannot find /etc/rc. Do not be alarmed, these are
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completely normal. When you reach the prompt asking you for a
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shell name, just hit return.
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You will be presented with a welcome message and a prompt,
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asking if you wish to proceed with the installation process.
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If you wish to proceed, enter "y" and hit return.
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You will be asked what type of disk driver you have. The
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valid options are listed by the install program, to make sure
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you get it right. If you are SURE that it does, reply
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affirmatively. Otherwise, the install program will
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automatically reserve space for bad144 tables.
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The install program will then tell you which disks of that
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type it can install on, and ask you which it should use.
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Reply with the name of your disk.
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You will then be asked to name your disk's disklabel. The
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default response is "mywd" or "mysd" depending on the type of
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your disk, and for most purposes it will be OK. If you choose
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to name it something different, make sure the name is a single
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word and contains no special characters. You don't need to
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remember this name.
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You will be prompted for your disk's geometry information,
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i.e. the number of bytes per sector, cylinders on the disk,
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tracks per cylinder (heads), and sectors per track. Enter
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them when they are requested. If you make a mistake, hit
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Control-C and when you get to the shell prompt, restart the
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install process by running the "install" command. Once you
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have entered this data, the install program will tell you the
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total size of your disk, in both sectors, and cylinders.
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Remember this number; if you're installing on the whole disk,
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you'll need it again soon.
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When describing your partitions, you will have the option of
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entering data about them in units of disk sectors or
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cylinders. If you choose to enter the information in units of
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sectors, remember that, for optimal performance, partitions
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should begin and end on cylinder boundaries. You will be
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asked about which units you wish to use, and you should reply
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with "c" for cylinders, or "s" for sectors.
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You will be asked for the size of the NetBSD portion of the
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disk. If you're installing on the whole disk, reply with the
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size of the disk, as printed earlier by the install program.
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If you're using only part of the disk, reply with the size
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that you specified in the partition editor. (Don't forget to
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enter the size in the units you specified in the last step!)
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If you are not installing on the whole disk, you will be asked
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fro the offset of the NetBSD partition from the beginning of
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the disk. Reply with the appropriate offset (again, in
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whichever units you specified), as determined by how you
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set up your disk using the partition editor.
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You will be asked to enter the size of your NetBSD root
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partition. It should be at least 13M, but if you are going to
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be doing development, 14-16M is a more desirable size. This
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size should be expressed in units of sectors or cylinders,
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depending on which you said you wanted to use.
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Next, you will be asked for the size of your swap partition.
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You should probably allocate twice as much swap space as you
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have real memory. Systems that will be heavily used should
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have more swap space allocated, and systems that will be
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lightly used can get by with less. If you want the system to
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be able to save crash dumps when it panics, you will need at
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least as much swap space as you have RAM. Again, this number
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should be expressed in units of sectors or cylinders, as
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appropriate.
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The install program will then ask you for information about
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the rest of the partitions you want on your disk. For most
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purposes, you will want only one more partition, "/usr".
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(Machines used as servers will probably also want /var as a
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separate partition. That can be done with these installation
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tools, but is not covered here.) The install program will
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tell you how much space there is left to be allocated in the
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NetBSD area of the disk, and, if you only want one more
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partition ("/usr"), you should enter it at the prompt when the
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installer asks you how large the next partition should be.
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It will then ask you for the name of the mount point for that
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partition. If you're doing a basic installation, that is
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"/usr".
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YOU ARE NOW AT THE POINT OF NO RETURN. Nothing has been
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written to your disk yet, but if you confirm that you want to
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install NetBSD, your hard drive will be modified, and its
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contents may be scrambled at the whim of the install program.
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This is especially likely if you have given the install
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program incorrect information. If you are sure you want to
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proceed, enter "yes" at the prompt.
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The install program will now label your disk and make the file
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systems you specified. The filesystems will be initialized to
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contain NetBSD bootstrapping binaries and configuration files.
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It will also create an /etc/fstab for your system, and mount
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all of the file systems under /mnt. (In other words, your root
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partition will be mounted on /mnt, your /usr partition on
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/mnt/usr, and so on.) There should be no errors in this
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section of the installation. If there are, restart from the
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beginning of the installation process.
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You will be placed at a shell prompt ("#"). The remaining
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tasks are to copy the kernel from the kernel copy floppy to
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the hard drive's root filesystem and install the distribution
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sets. The flow of installation differs depending on your
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hardware resources, and on what media the distribution sets
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reside.
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To install from floppy:
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If you only have only one floppy drive, the order of
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installation is different. Follow the directions in
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the "Kernel installation" section which will help you
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install a kernel on the hard drive and then boot off
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the hard drive, then continue with the rest of the
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process described here to install the distribution
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sets from floppy:
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The first thing you should do is pick a temporary
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directory where the distribution files can be stored.
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To do this, enter the command "Set_tmp_dir", and enter
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the name of the temporary directory. (Don't forget
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that if your disk is still mounted under /mnt; you
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should probably pick a directory under /mnt/usr.)
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After you have picked a temporary directory, enter the
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"Load_fd" command, to load the distribution sets from
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your floppies.
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You will be asked which floppy drive to use. Enter
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"0" (zero) if you're using the first floppy drive
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(i.e. what DOS would call "A:"), or enter "1" if
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you're using the second. (Remember that you CANNOT
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use the floppy drive that you booted from. If you
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booted from "A:", you must load from "B:".)
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You will be prompted to insert a floppy into the drive,
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to have its contents copied to your hard disk. Do so,
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and hit return to begin copying. When that is done,
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read the remainder of the floppies that contain the
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distribution sets that you want to install, one by
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one. When the last is read, and you are being
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prompted for another, hit Control-C.
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Run the "Extract" command once for each distribution
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set you wish to install. For instance, if you wish to
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install the "base12" distribution set, followed by the
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"man12" distribution set, and finally the "etc12"
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distribution set, use the commands:
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Extract base12
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Extract man12
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Extract etc12
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For each extraction, it will ask you if the extraction
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should be verbose. If you reply affirmatively, it
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will print out the name of each file that's being
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extracted.
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(Note: if you know that you will be running low on
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disk space when installing NetBSD, you can load and
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extract one distribution set at a time. To do this,
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load only the floppies which contain the files for the
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first distribution set, extract them, and then change
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to the temporary directory and remove them with the
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command "rm set_name.??".)
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Once you are finished extracting all of the sets that
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you wish to install, you should proceed to the
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instructions below (after the last install medium
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type-specific instructions), that explain how you
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should configure your system.
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To install from tape:
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The first thing you should do is pick a temporary
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directory where the distribution files can be stored.
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To do this, enter the command "Set_tmp_dir", and enter
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the name of the temporary directory. (Don't forget
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that your disk is mounted under /mnt; you should
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probably pick a directory under /mnt/usr.) The
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default is /mnt/usr/distrib.
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After you have picked a temporary directory, enter the
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"Load_tape" command, to load the distribution sets from
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tape.
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You will be asked which tape drive to use. The
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default is "rst0", which is correct if you're using
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the SCSI tape drive with the lowest SCSI ID number.
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(For the SCSI tape drive with the next lowest SCSI ID
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number, you should use "rst1", and so on.)
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You will be prompted to hit return when you have
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inserted the tape into the tape drive. When you do,
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the contents of the tape will be extracted into the
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temporary directory, and the names of the files being
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extracted will be printed.
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After the tape has been extracted, to go the directory
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containing the first distribution set you wish to
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install. (Depending on how you made the tape, it's
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probably a subdirectory of the temporary directory you
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specified above.) Once there, run the "Set_tmp_dir"
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command again, and accept its default answer by
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hitting return at the prompt.
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Use the "Extract" command to extract the distribution
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set. For instance, if you're extracting the "base12"
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set, use the command:
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Extract base12
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You will be asked if you wish the extraction to be
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verbose. If you reply affirmatively, the name of each
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file being extracted will be printed.
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Repeat the previous two steps for each distribution
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set you wish to install. Change to the set's
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directory, run "Set_tmp_dir", and then run
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"Extract <set_name>" to extract the set.
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Once you are finished extracting all of the sets that
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you wish to install, you should proceed to the
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instructions below (after the last install medium
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type-specific instructions), that explain how you
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should configure your system.
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To install via FTP or NFS:
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The first thing you should do is pick a temporary
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directory where the distribution files can be stored.
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To do this, enter the command "Set_tmp_dir", and enter
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the name of the temporary directory. (Don't forget
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that your disk is mounted under /mnt; you should
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probably pick a directory under /mnt/usr.) The
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default is /mnt/usr/distrib.
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Configure the appropriate ethernet interface (e.g.
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ed0, ep0, etc.) up, with a command like:
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ifconfig <ifname> <ipaddr> [netmask <netmask>]
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where "<ifname>" is the interface name, like those
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listed above, and "<ipaddr>" is the numeric IP address
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of the interface. If the interface has a special
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netmask, supply the word "netmask" at and that netmask
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at the end of the command line. (The brackets
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indicate that those arguments are optional.) For
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instance, to configure interface ed0 with IP address
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129.133.10.10, use the command:
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ifconfig ed0 129.133.10.10
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and to configure interface ep0 with IP address
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128.32.240.167 and a special netmask, 0xffffff00, use
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the command:
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ifconfig ep0 128.32.240.167 netmask 0xffffff00
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If your board selects software selection of the
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ethernet interface to use, you might have to add
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special flags to the "ifconfig" command you use.
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Consult the table below for the appropriate flags:
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Interface Type Connector Flags
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--------- ---- --------- -----
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ed with WD/SMC* BNC [none necessary]
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ed with WD/SMC* UTP [none necessary]
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ed with WD/SMC* AUI link0
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* Older WD boards do not support software configuration,
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and must be configured via jumpers. These flags
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will have no effect on them.
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In other words, if, in the last example, the AUI port
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of the board were being used, you would use the
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command:
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ifconfig ep0 128.32.240.167 netmask 0xffffff00 link0
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If the NFS server or FTP server is not on a directly-
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connected network, you need to set up a route to it
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using a command like:
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route add default <gate_ipaddr>
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where <gate_ipaddr> is your gateway's numeric IP
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address.
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If you are NFS-mounting the distribution sets, mount
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them on the temporary directory with a command like:
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mount -t nfs <serv_ipaddr>:<dist_dir> <tmp_dir>
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where <serv_ipaddr> is the server's numeric IP address,
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<dist_dir> is the path to the distribution files on
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the server, and <tmp_dir> is the name of the local
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temporary directory.
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Once this is done, proceed as if you had loaded the
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files from tape, changing to the appropriate
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directories, running "Set_tmp_dir", and running
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"Extract" as appropriate.
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If you are retrieving the distribution sets using ftp,
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change into the temporary directory, and execute the
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command:
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ftp <serv_ipaddr>
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where <serv_ipaddr> is once again the server's numeric
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IP address. Get the files with FTP, taking care to
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use binary mode when transferring the files.
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Once you have all of the files for the distribution
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sets that you wish to install, you can proceed using
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the instructions above, as if you had installed from a
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floppy. (Note that as with the floppy install, if
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you're short on disk space, you can transfer only one
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set at a time, extract it, then delete it, to save
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space.)
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Once you have finished extracting all of the distribution sets
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that you wish to install, and are back at the "#" prompt, you
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are ready to configure your system. The configuration utility
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expects that you have installed the "base12" and "etc12"
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distribution sets. If you have not, you will not be able to
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run it successfully (nor will you have a functional system, in
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any case). To configure your newly-installed NetBSD system,
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run the command "Configure". It will ask you for the system's
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host name, domain name, and other network configuration
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information. It will set up your configuration files and make
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the device nodes for the newly-installed system.
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Kernel Installation:
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||
|
Enter "halt" at the prompt to halt the system. When the
|
||
|
system is halted, remove the "inst12" floppy from the floppy
|
||
|
drive, and replace it with the NetBSD 1.2 kernel-copy floppy
|
||
|
that you previously booted from. Reboot with that floppy.
|
||
|
with that floppy.
|
||
|
|
||
|
Once again, you will be prompted to insert a file system
|
||
|
floppy. DO NOT replace the kernel-copy floppy, just hit any
|
||
|
key.
|
||
|
|
||
|
Again, While booting, you may see several warnings. You may
|
||
|
be warned that no swap space is present, that init(8) cannot
|
||
|
find /etc/rc, and that one or more databases with names like
|
||
|
"pwd.db" cannot be found. Do not be alarmed, as, again, these
|
||
|
are completely normal. Hit return at the prompt asking you
|
||
|
for a shell name.
|
||
|
|
||
|
You will be presented with a shell prompt, at which you should
|
||
|
enter the "copy_kernel" command. It will ask you what
|
||
|
partition to copy the kernel to, and you should reply with the
|
||
|
name of your root partition (e.g. sd0a or wd0a).
|
||
|
|
||
|
You will be asked if you are sure that you want to copy the
|
||
|
kernel. Reply affirmatively, and it will check the file
|
||
|
system on your root partition, mount it, and copy the kernel.
|
||
|
Once the kernel is copied, you should use "halt" to halt the
|
||
|
system.
|
||
|
|
||
|
Once the system is halted, remove the kernel-copy floppy from
|
||
|
the floppy disk drive, and hit any key to reboot.
|
||
|
|
||
|
Congratulations, you have successfully installed NetBSD 1.2. When you
|
||
|
reboot into NetBSD, you should log in as "root" at the login prompt.
|
||
|
There is no initial password, but if you're using the machine in a
|
||
|
networked environment, you should create yourself an account and
|
||
|
protect it and the "root" account with good passwords.
|
||
|
|
||
|
Some of the files in the NetBSD 1.2 distribution might need to be
|
||
|
tailored for your site. In particular, the /etc/sendmail.cf file will
|
||
|
almost definitely need to be adjusted, and other files in /etc will
|
||
|
probably need to be modified, as well. If you are unfamiliar with
|
||
|
UN*X-like system administration, it's recommended that you buy a book
|
||
|
that discusses it.
|