2000-06-14 10:48:47 +04:00
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.\" $NetBSD: title.cdrom,v 1.3 2000/06/14 06:49:15 cgd Exp $
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1998-01-09 11:03:16 +03:00
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.\"
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1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.\" Copyright (c) 1994 Regents of the University of California.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)title.cdrom 8.3 (Berkeley) 8/8/94
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.\"
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.nr LL 6.5i
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.EH ''''
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.OH ''''
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.EF ''''
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.OF ''''
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\&
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.sp |1.5i
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.nr PS 36
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.nr VS 39
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 2
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4.4BSD-Lite
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CD-ROM Companion
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.bp
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\&
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.sp |0.83i
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.nr PS 14
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.nr VS 16.5
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.LP
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Now in its twentieth year, the USENIX Association,
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the UNIX and Advanced Computing Systems professional and technical organization,
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is a not-for-profit membership association of individuals and
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institutions with an interest in UNIX and UNIX-like systems,
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and, by extension, C++, X windows, and other advanced tools and technologies.
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.LP
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USENIX and its members are dedicated to:
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.IP \(bu
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fostering innovation and communicating research and technological developments,
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.IP \(bu
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sharing ideas and experience relevant to UNIX,
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UNIX-related, and advanced computing systems, and
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.IP \(bu
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providing a neutral forum for the exercise of critical
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thought and airing of technical issues.
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.LP
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USENIX publishes a journal (\fBComputing Systems\fP),
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a newsletter (\fI;login:\fP),
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Proceedings from its frequent Conferences and Symposia,
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and a Book Series.
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.LP
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SAGE, The Systems Administrators Guild, a Special Technical Group with
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the USENIX Association, is dedicated to the advancement of system
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administration as a profession.
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.LP
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SAGE brings together systems managers and administrators to:
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.IP \(bu
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propagate knowledge of good professional practice,
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.IP \(bu
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recruit talented individuals to the profession,
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.IP \(bu
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recognize individuals who attain professional excellence,
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.IP \(bu
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foster technical development and share solutions to technical
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problems, and
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.IP \(bu
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communicate in an organized voice with users, management, and vendors
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on system administration topics.
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.bp
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\&
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.sp |1i
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.nr PS 36
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.nr VS 39
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 3
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4.4BSD-Lite
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CD-ROM Companion
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.sp 1.5i
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.nr PS 24
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.nr VS 26
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 1
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Berkeley Software Distribution
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.nr PS 18
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.nr VS 26
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 1
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April, 1994
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.sp 1i
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.nr PS 18
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.nr VS 20
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 2
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Computer Systems Research Group
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University of California at Berkeley
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.sp 2.75i
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.nr PS 12
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.nr VS 14.5
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 4
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A USENIX Association Book
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O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
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103 Morris Street, Suite A
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Sebastopol, CA 94572
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.bp
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.hy 0
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.nr PS 9
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.nr VS 11
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.LP
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First Printing, 1994
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.br
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Second Printing, 1995
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.sp 1
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.LP
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Copyright 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1993, 1994
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The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.sp 1
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.LP
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Redistribution and use of this manual and its accompanying CD-ROM
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in source and binary forms,
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with or without modification, are permitted provided that the
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following conditions are met:
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.IP 1)
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Redistributions of this manual must retain the copyright
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notices on this page, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.IP 2)
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Software or documentation that incorporates part of this manual must
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reproduce the copyright notices on this page, this list of conditions and
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the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
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provided with the distribution.
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.IP 3)
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All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
|
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must display the following acknowledgement:
|
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|
``This product includes software developed by the University of
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California, Berkeley and its contributors.''
|
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.IP 4)
|
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Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
|
|
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|
|
may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
|
|
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|
without specific prior written permission.
|
|
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.LP
|
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\fB\s-1THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
|
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|
ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
|
|
|
|
|
|
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
|
|
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|
ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
|
|
|
|
|
|
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
|
|
|
|
|
|
DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
|
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|
|
|
|
OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
|
|
|
|
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|
HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
|
|
|
|
|
|
LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
|
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OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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SUCH DAMAGE.\s+1\fP
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.sp 1.5
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.LP
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The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American
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National Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems have
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given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation.
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.sp 1
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.LP
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In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions
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of the system documentation.
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.LP
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``Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in
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electronic form in 4.4BSD from IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, IEEE
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Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Computer Environments
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(POSIX), copyright 1988 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
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Engineers, Inc. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions
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and the original IEEE Standard, the original IEEE Standard is the referee
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document.''
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.sp 1
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.LP
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In the following statement, the phrase ``This material'' refers to portions
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of the system documentation.
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.LP
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``This material is reproduced with permission from American National
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Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems. Computer and
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Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA), 311 First St., NW,
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Suite 500, Washington, DC 20001-2178. The developmental work of
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Programming Language C was completed by the X3J11 Technical Committee.''
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.sp 1.5
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.LP
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The views and conclusions contained in this manual are those of the
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authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies,
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either expressed or implied, of the Regents of the University of California.
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.sp 1.5
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.LP
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The 4.4BSD Daemon used on the cover is
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copyright 1994 by Marshall Kirk McKusick
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and is reproduced with permission.
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.br
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This book was printed and bound in the United States of America.
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.br
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Distributed by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
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.sp 1
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.IP "[recycle logo]" 16
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This book is printed on acid-free paper with 50% recycled content,
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10-13% post-consumer waste. O'Reilly & Associates is committed to
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using paper with the highest recycled content available consistent
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with high quality.
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.sp 1
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.LP
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ISBN: 1-56592-081-3 (Domestic)
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.LP
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ISBN: 1-56592-092-9 (International)
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.bp
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\&
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.sp |1.5i
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.nr PS 24
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.nr VS 26
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.LP
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.ce 1
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\fBContents\fP
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.sp 1
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.nr PS 14
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.nr VS 17
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.LP
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.TS
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expand;
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l r.
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The Computer Systems Research Group, 1979\-1993 7
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Overview 11
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CD-ROM Source Hierarchy 15
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Introduction 21
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List of Manual Pages 23
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Permuted Index 41
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.TE
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.if o .bp
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\&
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.bp
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.\"
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.\" The contributor list below is derived from the file that resides in
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.\" vangogh:~admin/contrib/contrib:
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.\"
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.\" @(#)contrib 5.55 (Berkeley) 4/18/94
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.\"
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.\" This file should not be editted, rather the original contrib file
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.\" should be used to recrete this one following the directions at its top.
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.\" Contrib starts here and continues to the comment `END OF CONTRIB'.
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.\"
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\&
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.sp |1i
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.ps 24
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.vs 27
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.ce 2
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\fBThe Computer Systems Research Group
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1979 \- 1993\fP
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.sp 1.5
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.nr PS 11
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.nr VS 12
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.LP
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.nf
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.in +0.5i
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\fBCSRG Technical Staff\fP
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.sp 1
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.in +1i
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Jim Bloom
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Keith Bostic
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Ralph Campbell
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Kevin Dunlap
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William N. Joy
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Michael J. Karels
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Samuel J. Leffler
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Marshall Kirk McKusick
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Miriam Amos Nihart
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Keith Sklower
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Marc Teitelbaum
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Michael Toy
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.in -1i
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.sp 3
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\fBCSRG Administration and Support\fP
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.sp 1
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.in +1i
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Robert Fabry
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Domenico Ferrari
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Susan L. Graham
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Bob Henry
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Anne Hughes
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Bob Kridle
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David Mosher
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Pauline Schwartz
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Mark Seiden
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Jean Wood
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.in -1i
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.fi
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.sp 3
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\fBOrganizations that funded the CSRG with grants,
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gifts, personnel, and/or hardware.\fP
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.sp 1
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.nf
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.in +1i
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Center for Advanced Aviation System Development, The MITRE Corp.
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Compaq Computer Corporation
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Cray Research Inc.
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Department of Defense Advance Research Projects Agency (DARPA)
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Digital Equipment Corporation
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The Hewlett-Packard Company
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NASA Ames Research Center
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The National Science Foundation
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The Open Software Foundation
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UUNET Technologies Inc.
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.in -1.5i
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.fi
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.OH '\s10CSRG, 1979 \- 1993''- % -\s0'
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.EH '\s10- % -''CSRG, 1979 \- 1993\s0'
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.bp
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.nr PS 10
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.nr VS 11
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.LP
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\fBThe following are people and organizations that provided a
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large subsystem for the BSD releases.\fP
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.sp
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.TS
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l l.
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ANSI C library Chris Torek
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ANSI C prototypes Donn Seeley and John Kohl
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Autoconfiguration Robert Elz
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C library documentation American National Standards Committee X3
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CCI 6/32 support Computer Consoles Inc.
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DEC 3000/5000 support Ralph Campbell
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Disklabels Symmetric Computer Systems
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Documentation Cynthia Livingston and The USENIX Association
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Franz Lisp Richard Fateman, John Foderaro, Keith Sklower, Kevin Layer
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GCC, GDB The Free Software Foundation
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Groff James Clark (The FSF)
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HP300 support Jeff Forys, Mike Hibler, Jay Lepreau, Donn Seeley and the Systems
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Programming Group; University of Utah Computer Science Department
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ISODE Marshall Rose
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Ingres Mike Stonebraker, Gene Wong, and the Berkeley Ingres Research Group
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Intel 386/486 support Bill Jolitz and TeleMuse
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Job control Jim Kulp
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Kerberos Project Athena and MIT
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Kernel support Bill Shannon and Sun Microsystems Inc.
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LFS Margo Seltzer, Mendel Rosenblum, Carl Staelin
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MIPS support Trent Hein
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Math library K.C. Ng, Zhishun Alex Liu, S. McDonald, P. Tang and W. Kahan
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NFS Rick Macklem
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NFS automounter Jan-Simon Pendry
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Network device drivers Micom-Interlan and Excelan
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Omron Luna support Akito Fujita and Shigeto Mochida
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Quotas Robert Elz
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RPC support Sun Microsystems Inc.
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Shared library support Rob Gingell and Sun Microsystems Inc.
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Sony News 3400 support Kazumasa Utashiro
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Sparc I/II support Computer Systems Engineering Group, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
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Stackable file systems John Heidemann
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Stdio Chris Torek
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System documentation The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
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TCP/IP Rob Gurwitz and Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.
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Timezone support Arthur David Olson
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Transport/Network OSI layers IBM Corporation and the University of Wisconsin
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Kernel XNS assistance William Nesheim, J. Q. Johnson, Chris Torek, and James O'Toole
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User level XNS Cornell University
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VAX 3000 support Mt. Xinu and Tom Ferrin
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VAX BI support Chris Torek
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VAX device support Digital Equipment Corporation and Helge Skrivervik
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Versatec printer/plotter support University of Toronto
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Virtual memory implementation Avadis Tevanian, Jr., Michael Wayne Young,
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and the Carnegie-Mellon University Mach project
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X25 University of British Columbia
|
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.TE
|
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.bp
|
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.LP
|
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|
\fBThe following are people and organizations that provided a specific
|
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|
|
item, program, library routine or program maintenance for the BSD system.
|
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(Their contribution may not be part of the final 4.4BSD release.)\fP
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.nr PS 9
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.nr VS 10
|
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.ps 9
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.vs 10
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.TS
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l l.
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386 device drivers Carnegie-Mellon University Mach project
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386 device drivers Don Ahn, Sean Fagan and Tim Tucker
|
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HCX device drivers Harris Corporation
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Kernel enhancements Robert Elz, Peter Ivanov, Ian Johnstone, Piers Lauder,
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John Lions, Tim Long, Chris Maltby, Greg Rose and John Wainwright
|
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ISO-9660 filesystem Pace Willisson, Atsushi Murai
|
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.TE
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.sp -0.4
|
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.TS
|
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l l l l.
|
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adventure(6) Don Woods log(3) Peter McIlroy
|
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adventure(6) Jim Gillogly look(1) David Hitz
|
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adventure(6) Will Crowther ls(1) Elan Amir
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apply(1) Rob Pike ls(1) Michael Fischbein
|
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apply(1) Jan-Simon Pendry lsearch(3) Roger L. Snyder
|
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ar(1) Hugh A. Smith m4(1) Ozan Yigit
|
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arithmetic(6) Eamonn McManus mail(1) Kurt Schoens
|
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arp(8) Sun Microsystems Inc. make(1) Adam de Boor
|
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at(1) Steve Wall me(7) Eric Allman
|
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atc(6) Ed James mergesort(3) Peter McIlroy
|
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awk(1) Arnold Robbins mh(1) Marshall Rose
|
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awk(1) David Trueman mh(1) The Rand Corporation
|
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backgammon(6) Alan Char mille(6) Ken Arnold
|
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banner(1) Mark Horton mknod(8) Kevin Fall
|
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battlestar(6) David Riggle monop(6) Ken Arnold
|
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bcd(6) Steve Hayman more(1) Eric Shienbrood
|
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bdes(1) Matt Bishop more(1) Mark Nudleman
|
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berknet(1) Eric Schmidt mountd(8) Herb Hasler
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bib(1) Dain Samples mprof(1) Ben Zorn
|
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bib(1) Gary M. Levin msgs(1) David Wasley
|
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bib(1) Timothy A. Budd multicast Stephen Deering
|
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bitstring(3) Paul Vixie mv(1) Ken Smith
|
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boggle(6) Barry Brachman named/bind(8) Douglas Terry
|
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bpf(4) Steven McCanne named/bind(8) Kevin Dunlap
|
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|
|
btree(3) Mike Olson news(1) Rick Adams (and a cast of thousands)
|
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|
|
byte-range locking Scooter Morris nm(1) Hans Huebner
|
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caesar(6) John Eldridge pascal(1) Kirk McKusick
|
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caesar(6) Stan King pascal(1) Peter Kessler
|
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cal(1) Kim Letkeman paste(1) Adam S. Moskowitz
|
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cat(1) Kevin Fall patch(1) Larry Wall
|
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chess(6) Stuart Cracraft (The FSF) pax(1) Keith Muller
|
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ching(6) Guy Harris phantasia(6) C. Robertson
|
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cksum(1) James W. Williams phantasia(6) Edward A. Estes
|
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clri(8) Rich $alz ping(8) Mike Muuss
|
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col(1) Michael Rendell pom(6) Keith E. Brandt
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comm(1) Case Larsen pr(1) Keith Muller
|
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compact(1) Colin L. McMaster primes(6) Landon Curt Noll
|
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compress(1) James A. Woods qsort(3) Doug McIlroy
|
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compress(1) Joseph Orost qsort(3) Earl Cohen
|
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compress(1) Spencer Thomas qsort(3) Jon Bentley
|
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courier(1) Eric Cooper quad(3) Chris Torek
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cp(1) David Hitz quiz(6) Jim R. Oldroyd
|
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cpio(1) AT&T quiz(6) Keith Gabryelski
|
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crypt(3) Tom Truscott radixsort(3) Dan Bernstein
|
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csh(1) Christos Zoulas radixsort(3) Peter McIlroy
|
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csh(1) Len Shar rain(6) Eric P. Scott
|
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curses(3) Elan Amir ranlib(1) Hugh A. Smith
|
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curses(3) Ken Arnold rcs(1) Walter F. Tichy
|
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cut(1) Adam S. Moskowitz rdist(1) Michael Cooper
|
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cut(1) Marciano Pitargue regex(3) Henry Spencer
|
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dbx(1) Mark Linton robots(6) Ken Arnold
|
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dd(1) Keith Muller rogue(6) Timothy C. Stoehr
|
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dd(1) Lance Visser rs(1) John Kunze
|
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des(1) Jim Gillogly sail(6) David Riggle
|
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des(1) Phil Karn sail(6) Edward Wang
|
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des(1) Richard Outerbridge sccs(1) Eric Allman
|
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dipress(1) Xerox Corporation scsiformat(1) Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
|
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disklabel(8) Symmetric Computer Systems sdb(1) Howard Katseff
|
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du(1) Chris Newcomb sed(1) Diomidis Spinellis
|
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dungeon(6) R.M. Supnik sendmail(8) Eric Allman
|
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ed(1) Rodney Ruddock setmode(3) Dave Borman
|
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emacs(1) Richard Stallman sh(1) Kenneth Almquist
|
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erf(3) Peter McIlroy, K.C. Ng slattach(8) Rick Adams
|
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error(1) Robert R. Henry slip(8) Rick Adams
|
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ex(1) Mark Horton spms(1) Peter J. Nicklin
|
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factor(6) Landon Curt Noll strtod(3) David M. Gay
|
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file(1) Ian Darwin swab(3) Jeffrey Mogul
|
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find(1) Cimarron Taylor sysconf(3) Sean Eric Fagan
|
|
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finger(1) Tony Nardo sysline(1) J.K. Foderaro
|
|
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fish(6) Muffy Barkocy syslog(3) Eric Allman
|
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|
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fmt(1) Kurt Schoens systat(1) Bill Reeves
|
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fnmatch(3) Guido van Rossum systat(1) Robert Elz
|
|
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|
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fold(1) Kevin Ruddy tail(1) Edward Sze-Tyan Wang
|
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fortune(6) Ken Arnold talk(1) Clem Cole
|
|
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|
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fpr(1) Robert Corbett talk(1) Kipp Hickman
|
|
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|
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fsdb(8) Computer Consoles Inc. talk(1) Peter Moore
|
|
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|
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fsplit(1) Asa Romberger telnet(1) Dave Borman
|
|
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fsplit(1) Jerry Berkman telnet(1) Paul Borman
|
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gcc/groff integration UUNET Technologies, Inc. termcap(5) John A. Kunze
|
|
|
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|
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gcore(1) Eric Cooper termcap(5) Mark Horton
|
|
|
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|
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getcap(3) Casey Leedom test(1) Kenneth Almquist
|
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|
|
glob(3) Guido van Rossum tetris(6) Chris Torek
|
|
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|
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gprof(1) Peter Kessler tetris(6) Darren F. Provine
|
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|
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|
|
gprof(1) Robert R. Henry timed(8) Riccardo Gusella
|
|
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|
|
|
hack(6) Andries Brouwer (and a cast of thousands) timed(8) Stefano Zatti
|
|
|
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|
|
hangman(6) Ken Arnold tn3270(1) Gregory Minshall
|
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|
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hash(3) Margo Seltzer tr(1) Igor Belchinskiy
|
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|
|
heapsort(3) Elmer Yglesias traceroute(8) Van Jacobson
|
|
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|
|
heapsort(3) Kevin Lew trek(6) Eric Allman
|
|
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|
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heapsort(3) Ronnie Kon tset(1) Eric Allman
|
|
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hunt(6) Conrad Huang tsort(1) Michael Rendell
|
|
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|
|
hunt(6) Greg Couch unifdef(1) Dave Yost
|
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icon(1) Bill Mitchell uniq(1) Case Larsen
|
|
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|
|
icon(1) Ralph Griswold uucpd(8) Rick Adams
|
|
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|
|
|
indent(1) David Willcox uudecode(1) Mark Horton
|
|
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|
|
indent(1) Eric Schmidt uuencode(1) Mark Horton
|
|
|
|
|
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indent(1) James Gosling uuq(1) Lou Salkind
|
|
|
|
|
|
indent(1) Sun Microsystems uuq(1) Rick Adams
|
|
|
|
|
|
init(1) Donn Seeley uusnap(8) Randy King
|
|
|
|
|
|
j0(3) Sun Microsystems, Inc. uusnap(8) Rick Adams
|
|
|
|
|
|
j1(3) Sun Microsystems, Inc. vacation(1) Eric Allman
|
|
|
|
|
|
jn(3) Sun Microsystems, Inc. vi(1) Steve Kirkendall
|
|
|
|
|
|
join(1) David Goodenough which(1) Peter Kessler
|
|
|
|
|
|
join(1) Michiro Hikida who(1) Michael Fischbein
|
|
|
|
|
|
join(1) Steve Hayman window(1) Edward Wang
|
|
|
|
|
|
jot(1) John Kunze worm(6) Michael Toy
|
|
|
|
|
|
jove(1) Jonathon Payne worms(6) Eric P. Scott
|
|
|
|
|
|
kermit(1) Columbia University write(1) Craig Leres
|
|
|
|
|
|
kvm(3) Peter Shipley write(1) Jef Poskanzer
|
|
|
|
|
|
kvm(3) Steven McCanne wump(6) Dave Taylor
|
|
|
|
|
|
lam(1) John Kunze X25/Ethernet Univ. of Erlangen-Nuremberg
|
|
|
|
|
|
larn(6) Noah Morgan X25/LLC2 Dirk Husemann
|
|
|
|
|
|
lastcomm(1) Len Edmondson xargs(1) John B. Roll Jr.
|
|
|
|
|
|
lex(1) Vern Paxson xneko(6) Masayuki Koba
|
|
|
|
|
|
libm(3) Peter McIlroy XNSrouted(1) Bill Nesheim
|
|
|
|
|
|
libm(3) UUNET Technologies, Inc. xroach(6) J.T. Anderson
|
|
|
|
|
|
locate(1) James A. Woods yacc(1) Robert Paul Corbett
|
|
|
|
|
|
lock(1) Bob Toxen
|
|
|
|
|
|
.TE
|
|
|
|
|
|
.\"
|
|
|
|
|
|
.\" END OF CONTRIB: Contrib ends here.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.\"
|
|
|
|
|
|
.if o .bp
|
|
|
|
|
|
\&
|
|
|
|
|
|
.EH ''''
|
|
|
|
|
|
.OH ''''
|
|
|
|
|
|
.bp
|
|
|
|
|
|
.OH '\s10Overview''- % -\s0'
|
|
|
|
|
|
.EH '\s10- % -''Overview\s0'
|
|
|
|
|
|
.nr PS 10
|
|
|
|
|
|
.nr VS 12
|
|
|
|
|
|
\&
|
|
|
|
|
|
.sp |1.5i
|
|
|
|
|
|
.EQ
|
|
|
|
|
|
delim $$
|
|
|
|
|
|
.EN
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
.ce
|
|
|
|
|
|
\fB\s24Overview\s0\fP
|
|
|
|
|
|
.sp 3
|
|
|
|
|
|
.NH 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.4BSD-Lite Description
|
|
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
|
|
This cd-rom contains the source code,
|
|
|
|
|
|
manual pages and other documentation,
|
|
|
|
|
|
and research papers from the first revision of the University of California,
|
|
|
|
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Berkeley's 4.4BSD-Lite distribution.
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.PP
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The 4.4BSD-Lite software is copyrighted by the
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University of California and others,
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but may be freely redistributed and used in products without fee,
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as long as the due credit,
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copyright notice,
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and other requirements described in the file /COPYRIGHT are met.
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.PP
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The distribution includes both software developed at Berkeley and much
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software contributed by authors outside Berkeley.
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Please see the previous section of this document
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for a list of the many contributors to the system.
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.PP
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The layout of the 4.4BSD-Lite distribution is described
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in the \fIhier\fR(7) manual page, which follows.
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A table of contents and permuted index for the 4.4BSD-Lite manual pages
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follow as well.
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.PP
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The cd-rom is in ISO-9660 format,
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with Rock Ridge Extensions.
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For example, to mount on a 4.4BSD-Lite system
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on which the CD-ROM drive is connected as SCSI unit 1,
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ensure that the directory /cdrom exists,
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then enter ``mount -r -t cd9660 /dev/sd1a /cdrom''.
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To mount on a Sun,
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ensure that the directory /cdrom exists,
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then enter ``mount -r -t hsts /dev/sr0 /cdrom''.
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.PP
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The 4.4BSD-Lite distribution is a source distribution only,
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and does not contain program binaries for any architecture.
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It is not possible to compile or run this software without a
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pre-existing system that is already installed and running.
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In addition,
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the distribution does not include sources for the complete 4.4BSD system.
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It includes source code and manual pages for the C library,
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approximately 95% of the utilities distributed in 4.4BSD,
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and all but a few files from the kernel.
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The system is almost entirely ANSI C and IEEE POSIX 1003.1 and 1003.2
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standards compliant.
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.NH 1
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4.4BSD-Lite Features
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.PP
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The major new facilities available in the 4.4BSD-Lite release are
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a new virtual memory system,
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the addition of ISO/OSI networking support,
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a new virtual filesystem interface supporting filesystem stacking,
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a freely redistributable implementation of NFS,
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a log-structured filesystem,
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enhancement of the local filesystems to support
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files and filesystems that are up to $2 sup 63$ bytes in size,
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enhanced security and system management support,
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and the conversion to and addition of the IEEE Std1003.1 (``POSIX'')
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facilities and many of the IEEE Std1003.2 facilities.
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In addition, many new utilities and additions have been made to the C-library.
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The kernel sources have been reorganized to collect all machine-dependent
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files for each architecture under one directory,
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and most of the machine-independent code is now free of code
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conditional on specific machines.
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The user structure and process structure have been reorganized
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to eliminate the statically-mapped user structure and to make most
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of the process resources shareable by multiple processes.
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The system and include files have been converted to be compatible
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with ANSI C, including function prototypes for most of the exported
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functions.
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There are numerous other changes throughout the system.
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.NH 1
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Changes in the Kernel
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.PP
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This release includes several important structural kernel changes.
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The kernel uses a new internal system call convention;
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the use of global (``u-dot'') variables for parameters and error returns
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has been eliminated,
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and interrupted system calls no longer abort using non-local goto's (longjmp's).
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A new sleep interface separates signal handling from scheduling priority,
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returning characteristic errors to abort or restart the current system call.
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This sleep call also passes a string describing the process state,
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which is used by the ps(1) program.
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The old sleep interface can be used only for non-interruptible sleeps.
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.PP
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Many data structures that were previously statically allocated
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are now allocated dynamically.
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These structures include mount entries, file entries,
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user open file descriptors, the process entries, the vnode table,
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the name cache, and the quota structures.
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.PP
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The 4.4BSD-Lite distribution adds support for several new
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architectures including
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SPARC-based Sparcstations 1 and 2,
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MIPS-based Decstation 3100 and 5000 and Sony NEWS,
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68000-based Hewlett-Packard 9000/300 and Omron Luna, and
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386-based Personal Computers.
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Both the HP300 and SPARC ports feature the ability to run binaries
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built for the native operating system (HP-UX or SunOS) by emulating
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their system calls.
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Though this native operating system compatibility was provided by the
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developers as needed for their purposes and is by no means complete,
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it is complete enough to run several non-trivial applications including
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those that require HP-UX or SunOS shared libraries.
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For example, the vendor supplied X11 server and windowing environment
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can be used on both the HP300 and SPARC.
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.NH 2
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Virtual memory changes
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.PP
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The new virtual memory implementation is derived from the MACH
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operating system developed at Carnegie-Mellon,
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and was ported to the BSD kernel at the University of Utah.
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The MACH virtual memory system call interface has been replaced with the
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``mmap''-based interface described in the
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``Berkeley Software Architecture Manual (4.4 Edition)''
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(see the UNIX Programmer's Manual,
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Supplementary Documents, PSD:5).
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The interface is similar to the interfaces shipped
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by several commercial vendors such as Sun, USL, and Convex Computer Corp.
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The integration of the new virtual memory is functionally complete,
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but, like most MACH-based virtual memory systems,
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still has serious performance problems under heavy memory load.
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.NH 2
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Networking additions and changes
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.PP
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The ISO/OSI Networking consists of a kernel implementation of
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transport class 4 (TP-4),
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connectionless networking protocol (CLNP),
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and 802.3-based link-level support (hardware-compatible with Ethernet*).
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.\"
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.\" ditroff screws up the environment for footnote. This restores it.
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.\"
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.ev 1
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.ps 8
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.vs 9
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.ev
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.\" end of ditroff fix
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.FS
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*Ethernet is a trademark of the Xerox Corporation.
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.FE
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We also include support for ISO Connection-Oriented Network Service,
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X.25, and TP-0.
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The session and presentation layers are provided outside
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the kernel by the ISO development environment (ISODE).
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Included in this development environment are file
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transfer and management (FTAM), virtual terminals (VT),
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a directory services implementation (X.500), and miscellaneous other utilities.
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.PP
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Several important enhancements have been added to the TCP/IP
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protocols including TCP header prediction and
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serial line IP (SLIP) with header compression.
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The routing implementation has been completely rewritten
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to use a hierarchical routing tree with a mask per route
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to support the arbitrary levels of routing found in the ISO protocols.
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The routing table also stores and caches route characteristics
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to speed the adaptation of the throughput and congestion avoidance
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algorithms.
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.NH 2
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Additions and changes to filesystems
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.PP
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The 4.4BSD-Lite distribution contains most of the interfaces
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specified in the IEEE Std1003.1 system interface standard.
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Filesystem additions include IEEE Std1003.1 FIFOs,
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byte-range file locking, and saved user and group identifiers.
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.PP
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A new virtual filesystem interface has been added to the
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kernel to support multiple filesystems.
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In comparison with other interfaces,
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the Berkeley interface has been structured for more efficient support
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of filesystems that maintain state (such as the local filesystem).
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The interface has been extended with support for stackable
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filesystems done at UCLA.
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These extensions allow for filesystems to be layered on top of each
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other and allow new vnode operations to be added without requiring
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changes to existing filesystem implementations.
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For example, the umap filesystem
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is used to mount a sub-tree of an existing filesystem
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that uses a different set of uids and gids than the local system.
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Such a filesystem could be mounted from a remote site via NFS or it
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could be a filesystem on removable media brought from some foreign
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location that uses a different password file.
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.PP
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In addition to the local ``fast filesystem,''
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we have added an implementation of the network filesystem (NFS)
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that fully interoperates with the NFS shipped by Sun and its licensees.
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Because our NFS implementation was implemented using only the
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publicly available NFS specification,
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it does not require a license from Sun to use in source or binary form.
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By default it runs over UDP to be compatible with Sun's implementation.
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However, it can be configured on a per-mount basis to run over TCP.
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Using TCP allows it to be used quickly and efficiently through
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gateways and over long-haul networks.
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Using an extended protocol, it supports Leases to allow a limited
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callback mechanism that greatly reduces the network traffic necessary
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to maintain cache consistency between the server and its clients.
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.PP
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A new log-structured filesystem has been added that provides
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near disk-speed output and fast crash recovery.
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It is still experimental in the 4.4BSD-Lite release,
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so we do not recommend it for production use.
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We have also added a memory-based filesystem that runs in
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pageable memory, allowing large temporary filesystems without
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requiring dedicated physical memory.
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.PP
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The local ``fast filesystem'' has been enhanced to do
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clustering which allows large pieces of files to be
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allocated contiguously resulting in near doubling
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of filesystem throughput.
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The filesystem interface has been extended to allow
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files and filesystems to grow to $2 sup 63$ bytes in size.
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The quota system has been rewritten to support both
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user and group quotas (simultaneously if desired).
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Quota expiration is based on time rather than
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the previous metric of number of logins over quota.
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This change makes quotas more useful on fileservers
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onto which users seldom log in.
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.PP
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The system security has been greatly enhanced by the
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addition of additional file flags that permit a file to be
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marked as immutable or append only.
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Once set, these flags can only be cleared by the super-user
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when the system is running single user.
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To protect against indiscriminate reading or writing of kernel
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memory, all writing and most reading of kernel data structures
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must be done using a new ``sysctl'' interface.
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The information to be accessed is described through an extensible
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``Management Information Base'' (MIB).
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.EQ
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delim off
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.EN
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.NH 2
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POSIX terminal driver changes
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.PP
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The biggest area of change is a new terminal driver.
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The terminal driver is similar to the System V terminal driver
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with the addition of the necessary extensions to get the
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functionality previously available in the 4.3BSD terminal driver.
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4.4BSD-Lite also adds the IEEE Std1003.1 job control interface,
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which is similar to the 4.3BSD job control interface,
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but adds a security model that was missing in the
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4.3BSD job control implementation.
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A new system call, \fIsetsid\fP,
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creates a job-control session consisting of a single process
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group with one member, the caller, that becomes a session leader.
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Only a session leader may acquire a controlling terminal.
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This is done explicitly via a \s-1TIOCSCTTY\s+1 \fIioctl\fP call,
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not implicitly by an \fIopen\fP call.
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The call fails if the terminal is in use.
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.PP
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For backward compatibility,
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both the old \fIioctl\fP
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calls and old options to \fIstty\fP
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are emulated.
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|
.NH 1
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|
Changes to the utilities
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|
.PP
|
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|
There are several new tools and utilities included in this release.
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|
A new version of ``make'' allows much-simplified makefiles for the
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system software and allows compilation for multiple architectures
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from the same source tree (which may be mounted read-only).
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Notable additions to the libraries include functions to traverse a
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filesystem hierarchy, database interfaces to btree and hashing functions,
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a new, fast implementation of stdio, and a radix sort function.
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The additions to the utility suite include greatly enhanced versions of
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programs that display system status information, implementations of
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various traditional tools described in the IEEE Std1003.2 standard,
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and many others.
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.PP
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|
We have been tracking the IEEE Std1003.2 shell and utility work
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|
and have included prototypes of many of the proposed utilities.
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Most of the traditional utilities have been replaced
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with implementations conformant to the POSIX standards.
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Almost the entire manual suite has been rewritten to
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reflect the POSIX defined interfaces.
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In rewriting this software, we have generally
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been rewarded with significant performance improvements.
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|
Most of the libraries and header files have been converted
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|
to be compliant with ANSI C.
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|
The system libraries and utilities all compile
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with either ANSI or traditional C.
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.PP
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|
|
The Kerberos (version 4) authentication software has been
|
|
|
|
|
|
integrated into much of the system (including NFS) to provide
|
|
|
|
|
|
the first real network authentication on BSD.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
|
|
A new implementation of the \fIex/vi\fP text editors is available
|
|
|
|
|
|
in this release.
|
|
|
|
|
|
It is intended as a bug-for-bug compatible version of the editors.
|
|
|
|
|
|
It also has a few new features: 8-bit clean data, lines and files
|
|
|
|
|
|
limited only by memory and disk space, split screens, tags stacks
|
|
|
|
|
|
and left-right scrolling among them.
|
|
|
|
|
|
\fINex/nvi\fP
|
|
|
|
|
|
is not yet production quality; future versions of this software may
|
|
|
|
|
|
be retrieved by anonymous ftp from ftp.cs.berkeley.edu, in the
|
|
|
|
|
|
directory ucb/4bsd.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
|
|
The \fIfind\fP
|
|
|
|
|
|
utility has two new options that are important to be aware of if you
|
|
|
|
|
|
intend to use NFS.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The ``fstype'' and ``prune'' options can be used together to prevent
|
|
|
|
|
|
find from crossing NFS mount points.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.NH 2
|
|
|
|
|
|
Additions and changes to the libraries
|
|
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
|
|
The \fIcurses\fP
|
|
|
|
|
|
library has been largely rewritten.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Important additional features include support
|
|
|
|
|
|
for scrolling and \fItermios\fP.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
|
|
An application front-end editing library, named libedit, has been
|
|
|
|
|
|
added to the system.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
|
|
A superset implementation of the SunOS kernel memory interface library,
|
|
|
|
|
|
\fIlibkvm\fP, has been integrated into the system.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Nearly the entire C-library has been rewritten.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Some highlights of the changes to the 4.4BSD-Lite C-library:
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu
|
|
|
|
|
|
The newly added \fIfts\fP
|
|
|
|
|
|
functions will do either physical or logical traversal of
|
|
|
|
|
|
a file hierarchy as well as handle essentially infinite depth
|
|
|
|
|
|
filesystems and filesystems with cycles.
|
|
|
|
|
|
All the utilities in 4.4BSD-Lite that traverse file hierarchies
|
|
|
|
|
|
have been converted to use \fIfts\fP.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The conversion has always resulted in a significant performance
|
|
|
|
|
|
gain, often of four or five to one in system time.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu
|
|
|
|
|
|
The newly added \fIdbopen\fP
|
|
|
|
|
|
functions are intended to be a family of database access methods.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Currently, they consist of \fIhash\fP,
|
|
|
|
|
|
an extensible, dynamic hashing scheme,
|
|
|
|
|
|
\fIbtree\fP, a sorted, balanced tree structure (B+tree's), and
|
|
|
|
|
|
\fIrecno\fP, a flat-file interface for fixed or variable length records
|
|
|
|
|
|
referenced by logical record number.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Each of the access methods stores associated key/data pairs and
|
|
|
|
|
|
uses the same record oriented interface for access.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Future versions of this software may be retrieved by anonymous ftp
|
|
|
|
|
|
from ftp.cs.berkeley.edu, in the directory ucb/4bsd.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu
|
|
|
|
|
|
The \fIqsort\fP
|
|
|
|
|
|
function has been rewritten for additional performance.
|
|
|
|
|
|
In addition, three new types of sorting functions,
|
|
|
|
|
|
\fIheapsort\fP, \fImergesort\fP, and \fIradixsort\fP
|
|
|
|
|
|
have been added to the system.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The \fImergesort\fP
|
|
|
|
|
|
function is optimized for data with pre-existing order,
|
|
|
|
|
|
in which case it usually significantly outperforms \fIqsort\fP.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The \fIradixsort\fP
|
|
|
|
|
|
functions are variants of most-significant-byte radix sorting.
|
|
|
|
|
|
They take time linear to the number of bytes to be
|
|
|
|
|
|
sorted, usually significantly outperforming \fIqsort\fP
|
|
|
|
|
|
on data that can be sorted in this fashion.
|
|
|
|
|
|
An implementation of the POSIX 1003.2 standard \fIsort\fP
|
|
|
|
|
|
based on \fIradixsort\fP is included in 4.4BSD-Lite.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu
|
|
|
|
|
|
The floating point support in the C-library has been replaced
|
|
|
|
|
|
and is now accurate.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu
|
|
|
|
|
|
The C functions specified by both ANSI C, POSIX 1003.1 and
|
|
|
|
|
|
1003.2 are now part of the C-library.
|
|
|
|
|
|
This includes support for file name matching, shell globbing
|
|
|
|
|
|
and both basic and extended regular expressions.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu
|
|
|
|
|
|
ANSI C multibyte and wide character support has been integrated.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The rune functionality from the Bell Labs' Plan 9 system is provided
|
|
|
|
|
|
as well.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu
|
|
|
|
|
|
The \fItermcap\fP
|
|
|
|
|
|
functions have been generalized and replaced with a general
|
|
|
|
|
|
purpose interface named \fIgetcap\fP.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IP \(bu
|
|
|
|
|
|
The \fIstdio\fP
|
|
|
|
|
|
routines have been replaced, and are usually much faster.
|
|
|
|
|
|
In addition, the \fIfunopen\fP
|
|
|
|
|
|
interface permits applications to provide their own I/O stream
|
|
|
|
|
|
function support.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.NH 1
|
|
|
|
|
|
Acknowledgements
|
|
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
|
|
We were greatly assisted by the past employees of the Computer Systems
|
|
|
|
|
|
Research Group: Mike Karels, Keith Sklower, and Marc Tietelbaum.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Our distribution coordinator, Pauline Schwartz, has reliably managed
|
|
|
|
|
|
the finances and the mechanics of shipping distributions for
|
|
|
|
|
|
nearly the entire fourteen years of the group's existence.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Without the help of lawyers Mary MacDonald, Joel Linzner,
|
|
|
|
|
|
and Carla Shapiro, the 4.4BSD-Lite distribution would never
|
|
|
|
|
|
have seen the light of day.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Much help was provided by Chris Demetriou in getting bug fixes
|
|
|
|
|
|
from NetBSD integrated back into the 4.4BSD-Lite distribution.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.PP
|
|
|
|
|
|
The vast majority of the 4.4BSD-Lite distribution comes from the numerous
|
|
|
|
|
|
people in the UNIX community that provided their time and energy in
|
|
|
|
|
|
creating the software contained in this release.
|
|
|
|
|
|
We dedicate this distribution to them.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.sp 0.6
|
|
|
|
|
|
.in 4i
|
|
|
|
|
|
.nf
|
|
|
|
|
|
M. K. McKusick
|
|
|
|
|
|
K. Bostic
|
|
|
|
|
|
.fi
|
|
|
|
|
|
.in 0
|
|
|
|
|
|
.if o .bp
|
|
|
|
|
|
\&
|
|
|
|
|
|
.EH ''''
|
|
|
|
|
|
.OH ''''
|
|
|
|
|
|
.bp +7
|
|
|
|
|
|
.OH '\s10Introduction''- % -\s0'
|
|
|
|
|
|
.EH '\s10- % -''Introduction\s0'
|
|
|
|
|
|
.de IR
|
|
|
|
|
|
\fI\\$1\^\fR\\$2
|
|
|
|
|
|
..
|
|
|
|
|
|
.de RI
|
|
|
|
|
|
\fR\\$1\fI\\$2\^\fR\\$3
|
|
|
|
|
|
..
|
|
|
|
|
|
.ce
|
|
|
|
|
|
\fB\s24Introduction\s0\fP
|
|
|
|
|
|
.sp 2
|
|
|
|
|
|
.nr PS 10
|
|
|
|
|
|
.nr VS 12
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
The documentation for 4.4BSD is in a format similar
|
|
|
|
|
|
to the one used for the 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD manuals.
|
|
|
|
|
|
It is divided into three sets; each set consists of one or more volumes.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The abbreviations for the volume names are listed in square brackets;
|
|
|
|
|
|
the abbreviations for the manual sections are listed in parenthesis.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.DS
|
|
|
|
|
|
I. User's Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
User's Reference Manual [URM]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Commands (1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Games (6)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Macro packages and language conventions (7)
|
|
|
|
|
|
User's Supplementary Documents [USD]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Getting Started
|
|
|
|
|
|
Basic Utilities
|
|
|
|
|
|
Communicating with the World
|
|
|
|
|
|
Text Editing
|
|
|
|
|
|
Document Preparation
|
|
|
|
|
|
Amusements
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
II. Programmer's Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Programmer's Reference Manual [PRM]
|
|
|
|
|
|
System calls (2)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Subroutines (3)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Special files (4)
|
|
|
|
|
|
File formats and conventions (5)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Programmer's Supplementary Documents [PSD]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Documents of Historic Interest
|
|
|
|
|
|
Languages in common use
|
|
|
|
|
|
Programming Tools
|
|
|
|
|
|
Programming Libraries
|
|
|
|
|
|
General Reference
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
III. System Manager's Manual [SMM]
|
|
|
|
|
|
Maintenance commands (8)
|
|
|
|
|
|
System Installation and Administration
|
|
|
|
|
|
.DE
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
References to individual documents are given as ``volume:document'',
|
|
|
|
|
|
thus USD:1 refers to the first document in the ``User's Supplementary
|
|
|
|
|
|
Documents''.
|
|
|
|
|
|
References to manual pages are given as ``\fIname\fP(section)'' thus
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IR sh (1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
refers to the shell manual entry in section 1.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
The manual pages give descriptions of the features of the
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.4BSD system, as developed at the University of California at Berkeley.
|
|
|
|
|
|
They do not attempt to provide perspective or tutorial information about the
|
|
|
|
|
|
4.4BSD operating system, its facilities, or its implementation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Various documents on those topics are contained in the
|
|
|
|
|
|
``\s-1UNIX\s+1 User's Supplementary Documents'' (USD), the
|
|
|
|
|
|
``\s-1UNIX\s+1 Programmer's Supplementary Documents'' (PSD),
|
|
|
|
|
|
and ``\s-1UNIX\s+1 System Manager's Manual'' (SMM).
|
|
|
|
|
|
In particular, for an overview see ``The \s-1UNIX\s+1 Time-Sharing System'' (PSD:1)
|
|
|
|
|
|
by Ritchie and Thompson; for a tutorial see
|
|
|
|
|
|
``\s8\s-1UNIX\s+1\s10 for Beginners'' (USD:1) by Kernighan,
|
|
|
|
|
|
and for an guide to the new features of this latest version, see
|
|
|
|
|
|
``Berkeley Software Architecture Manual (4.4 Edition)'' (PSD:5).
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Within the area it surveys, this volume attempts to be timely, complete
|
|
|
|
|
|
and concise. Where the latter two objectives conflict,
|
|
|
|
|
|
the obvious is often left unsaid in favor of brevity.
|
|
|
|
|
|
It is intended that each program be described as it is, not as it should be.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inevitably, this means that various sections will soon be out of date.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Commands are programs intended to be invoked directly by
|
|
|
|
|
|
the user, in contrast to subroutines, that are
|
|
|
|
|
|
intended to be called by the user's programs.
|
|
|
|
|
|
User commands are described in URM section 1.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Commands generally reside in directory
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I /bin
|
|
|
|
|
|
(for
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IR bin \|ary
|
|
|
|
|
|
programs).
|
|
|
|
|
|
Some programs also reside in
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I
|
|
|
|
|
|
/\|usr/\|bin,
|
|
|
|
|
|
.R
|
|
|
|
|
|
to save space in
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I /\|bin.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.R
|
|
|
|
|
|
These directories are searched automatically by the command interpreters.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Additional directories that may be of interest include
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I
|
|
|
|
|
|
/\|usr/\|contrib/\|bin,
|
|
|
|
|
|
.R
|
|
|
|
|
|
which has contributed software
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I
|
|
|
|
|
|
/\|usr/\|old/\|bin,
|
|
|
|
|
|
.R
|
|
|
|
|
|
which has old but sometimes still useful software and
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I
|
|
|
|
|
|
/\|usr/\|local/\|bin,
|
|
|
|
|
|
.R
|
|
|
|
|
|
which contains software local to your site.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Games have been relegated to URM section 6 and
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I
|
|
|
|
|
|
/\|usr/\|games,
|
|
|
|
|
|
.R
|
|
|
|
|
|
to keep them from contaminating
|
|
|
|
|
|
the more staid information of URM section 1.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Miscellaneous collection of information necessary for
|
|
|
|
|
|
writing in various specialized languages such as character codes,
|
|
|
|
|
|
macro packages for typesetting, etc is contained in URM section 7.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
System calls are entries into the BSD kernel.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The system call interface is identical to a C language
|
|
|
|
|
|
procedure call; the equivalent C procedures are described in PRM section 2.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
An assortment of subroutines is available;
|
|
|
|
|
|
they are described in PRM section 3.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The primary libraries in which they are kept are described in
|
|
|
|
|
|
.IR intro (3).
|
|
|
|
|
|
The functions are described in terms of C.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
PRM section 4 discusses the characteristics of
|
|
|
|
|
|
each system ``file'' that refers to an I/O device.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The names in this section refer to the HP300 device names for the hardware,
|
|
|
|
|
|
instead of the names of the special files themselves.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
The file formats and conventions (PRM section 5)
|
|
|
|
|
|
documents the structure of particular kinds of files;
|
|
|
|
|
|
for example, the form of the output of the loader and
|
|
|
|
|
|
assembler is given. Excluded are files used by only one command,
|
|
|
|
|
|
for example the assembler's intermediate files.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Commands and procedures intended for use primarily by the
|
|
|
|
|
|
system administrator are described in SMM section 8.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The files described here are almost all kept in the directory
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I /\|etc.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The system administration binaries reside in
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I
|
|
|
|
|
|
/\|sbin,
|
|
|
|
|
|
.R
|
|
|
|
|
|
and
|
|
|
|
|
|
.I
|
|
|
|
|
|
/\|usr/\|sbin.
|
|
|
|
|
|
.LP
|
|
|
|
|
|
Each section consists of independent entries of a page or so each.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The name of the entry is in the upper corners of its pages,
|
|
|
|
|
|
together with the section number.
|
|
|
|
|
|
Entries within each section are alphabetized.
|
|
|
|
|
|
The page numbers of each entry start at 1;
|
|
|
|
|
|
it is infeasible to number consecutively the pages of
|
|
|
|
|
|
a document like this that is republished in many variant forms.
|
|
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.LP
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All entries are based on a common format;
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not all subsections always appear.
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.RS
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.LP
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The
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.I name
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subsection lists the exact names of the commands and subroutines
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covered under the entry and gives a short description of their purpose.
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.LP
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The
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.IR synopsis ""
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summarizes the use of the program being described.
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A few conventions are used, particularly in the Commands subsection:
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.LP
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.RS
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.B Boldface
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words are considered literals, and are typed just as they appear.
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.LP
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Square brackets [ ] around an argument show that the argument is optional.
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When an argument is given as ``name'', it always refers to a file name.
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.LP
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Ellipses ``.\|.\|.'' are used to show that the previous argument-prototype
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may be repeated.
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.LP
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A final convention is used by the commands themselves.
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An argument beginning with a minus sign ``\-'' usually means that it is an
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option-specifying argument, even if it appears in a position where
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a file name could appear. Therefore, it is unwise to have files whose
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names begin with ``\-''.
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.LP
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.RE
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The
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.IR description ""
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subsection discusses in detail the subject at hand.
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.LP
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The
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.IR files ""
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subsection gives the names of files that are built into the program.
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.LP
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A
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.I
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see also
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.R
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subsection gives pointers to related information.
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.LP
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A
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.I diagnostics
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subsection discusses the diagnostic indications that may be produced.
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Messages that are intended to be self-explanatory are not listed.
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.LP
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The
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.IR bugs ""
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subsection gives known bugs and sometimes deficiencies.
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Occasionally the suggested fix is also described.
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.LP
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.RE
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At the beginning of URM, PRM, and SSM is a List of Manual Pages,
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organized by section and alphabetically within each section, and a
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Permuted Index derived from that List.
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Within each index entry, the title of the writeup to which
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it refers is followed by the appropriate section number in parentheses.
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This fact is important because there is considerable
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name duplication among the sections, arising principally from commands that
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exist only to exercise a particular system call.
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Finally, there is a list of documents on the inside back cover of each volume.
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.if o .bp
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\&
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.EH ''''
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.OH ''''
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.bp
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.OH '\s10Manual Pages''- % -\s0'
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.EH '\s10- % -''Manual Pages\s0'
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.EF '\s10\\\\*(Dt''\\\\*(Ed\s0'
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.OF '\s10\\\\*(Ed''\\\\*(Dt\s0'
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.nr PS 10
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.nr VS 11.5
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.LP
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.ce
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\s24\fBList \|of \|Manual \|Pages\fP\s0
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.nr x 0.5
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.in +\nxi
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.nf
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.ta \n(.lu-\nxuR
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.de xx
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\\$1\f3 \a \fP\\$2
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..
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.de t
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.sp 1v
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.ne .5i
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.cs 3
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.ti -\\nxi
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.ss 18
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\fB\\$2. \\$3\fP
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.ss 12
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.if t .sp .5v
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.cs 3 36
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.ds Ed Section \\$2
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.ds Dt \\$3
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.so \\$1
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..
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.t toc1 1 "Commands and Application Programs"
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.t toc2 2 "System Calls"
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.t toc3 3 "C Library Subroutines"
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.t toc4 4 "Special Files"
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.t toc5 5 "File Formats"
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.t toc6 6 "Games"
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.t toc7 7 "Miscellaneous"
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.t toc8 8 "System Maintenance"
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.in -\nxi
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.cs 3
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.ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i
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.if o .bp
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\&
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.EH ''''
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.OH ''''
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.bp
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\&
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.OH '\s10Permuted Index''- % -\s0'
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.EH '\s10- % -''Permuted Index\s0'
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|
.ds Ed 4.4BSD
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.ds Dt April \|1994
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.ce
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\s24\fBPermuted \|Index\fP\s0
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.sp 2
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.nr PS 8
|
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.nr VS 9
|
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.LP
|
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|
|
.\" backup from slotput 1, slot, 2
|
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.tr ~
|
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.nf
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.cs 3 36
|
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.de xx
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.ds s1\"
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.if \w\\$2 .ds s1 ~~\"
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.ds s2 ~~~\"
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.ds s3\"
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.if \w\\$4 .ds s3 ~~\"
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.ds s4 ~~\"
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.ds s5 ~~\"
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.ds y \\*(s4\f3\fP\\*(s5
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.ta 6i-\w\\*(s5u
|
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|
|
\h"3i-\w\\$1\\*(s1\\$2\\*(s2u"\\$1\\*(s1\\$2\\*(s2\\$3\\*(s3\\$4\\*y\\$5
|
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..
|
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.so ptxx
|
|
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.cs 3
|
|
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|
|
.ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i
|
