1998-01-09 11:03:16 +03:00
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.\" $NetBSD: title.prm,v 1.2 1998/01/09 08:04:08 perry Exp $
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.\"
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1994-08-08 23:32:44 +04:00
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.\" Copyright (c) 1980, 1993, 1994 Regents of the University of California.
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.\" All rights reserved.
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.\"
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.\" Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
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.\" modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions
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.\" are met:
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.\" 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.\" 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright
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.\" notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the
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.\" documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
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.\" 3. All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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.\" must display the following acknowledgement:
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.\" This product includes software developed by the University of
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.\" California, Berkeley and its contributors.
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.\" 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
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.\" may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
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.\" without specific prior written permission.
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.\"
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.\" THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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.\" ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
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.\" IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
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.\" ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
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.\" FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
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.\" DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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.\" OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
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.\" HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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.\" LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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.\" OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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.\" SUCH DAMAGE.
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.\"
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.\" @(#)title.prm 8.4 (Berkeley) 8/8/94
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.\"
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.af % i
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.nr LL 6.5i
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.EH ''''
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.OH ''''
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.EF ''''
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.OF ''''
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\&
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.sp |1.5i
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.nr PS 36
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.nr VS 39
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 3
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4.4BSD
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Programmer's
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Reference Manual
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.nr PS 24
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.nr VS 32
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 1
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(PRM)
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.bp
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\&
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.sp |0.83i
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.nr PS 14
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.nr VS 16.5
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.LP
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Now in its twentieth year, the USENIX Association,
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the UNIX and Advanced Computing Systems professional and technical organization,
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is a not-for-profit membership association of individuals and
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institutions with an interest in UNIX and UNIX-like systems,
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and, by extension, C++, X windows, and other advanced tools and technologies.
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.LP
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USENIX and its members are dedicated to:
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.IP \(bu
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fostering innovation and communicating research and technological developments,
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.IP \(bu
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sharing ideas and experience relevant to UNIX,
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UNIX-related, and advanced computing systems, and
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.IP \(bu
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providing a neutral forum for the exercise of critical
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thought and airing of technical issues.
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.LP
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USENIX publishes a journal (\fBComputing Systems\fP),
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a newsletter (\fI;login:\fP),
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Proceedings from its frequent Conferences and Symposia,
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and a Book Series.
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.LP
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SAGE, The Systems Administrators Guild, a Special Technical Group with
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the USENIX Association, is dedicated to the advancement of system
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administration as a profession.
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.LP
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SAGE brings together systems managers and administrators to:
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.IP \(bu
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propagate knowledge of good professional practice,
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.IP \(bu
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recruit talented individuals to the profession,
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.IP \(bu
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recognize individuals who attain professional excellence,
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.IP \(bu
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foster technical development and share solutions to technical
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problems, and
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.IP \(bu
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communicate in an organized voice with users, management, and vendors
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on system administration topics.
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.bp
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\&
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.sp |1i
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.nr PS 36
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.nr VS 39
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 3
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4.4BSD
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Programmer's
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Reference Manual
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.nr PS 24
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.nr VS 32
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 1
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(PRM)
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.sp 1i
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.nr PS 24
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.nr VS 26
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 1
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Berkeley Software Distribution
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.nr PS 18
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.nr VS 26
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 1
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April, 1994
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.sp 1i
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.nr PS 18
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.nr VS 20
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 2
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Computer Systems Research Group
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University of California at Berkeley
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.sp 2.2i
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.nr PS 12
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.nr VS 14.5
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.LP
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.ft B
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.ce 4
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A USENIX Association Book
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O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
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103 Morris Street, Suite A
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Sebastopol, CA 94572
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.bp
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.hy 0
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.nr PS 9
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.nr VS 11
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.LP
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First Printing, 1994
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.br
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Second Printing, 1995
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.sp 1
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.LP
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Copyright 1979, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1993, 1994
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The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
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.sp 1
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.LP
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Other than the specific manual pages and documents listed below
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as copyrighted by AT&T,
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redistribution and use of this manual in source and binary forms,
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with or without modification, are permitted provided that the
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following conditions are met:
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.IP 1)
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Redistributions of this manual must retain the copyright
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notices on this page, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
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.IP 2)
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Software or documentation that incorporates part of this manual must
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reproduce the copyright notices on this page, this list of conditions and
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the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials
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provided with the distribution.
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.IP 3)
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All advertising materials mentioning features or use of this software
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must display the following acknowledgement:
|
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|
|
``This product includes software developed by the University of
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California, Berkeley and its contributors.''
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.IP 4)
|
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Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors
|
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|
|
may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software
|
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|
without specific prior written permission.
|
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.LP
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\fB\s-1THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND
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ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE
|
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|
|
IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE
|
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|
ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE
|
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|
|
FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL
|
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|
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DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS
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OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION)
|
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HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT
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LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY
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OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF
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SUCH DAMAGE.\s+1\fP
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.sp 1
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.LP
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The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and the American
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National Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems have
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given us permission to reprint portions of their documentation.
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.sp 0.5
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.LP
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In the following statement, the phrase ``this text'' refers to portions
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of the system documentation.
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.LP
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``Portions of this text are reprinted and reproduced in
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electronic form in 4.4BSD from IEEE Std 1003.1-1988, IEEE
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Standard Portable Operating System Interface for Computer Environments
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(POSIX), copyright 1988 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
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Engineers, Inc. In the event of any discrepancy between these versions
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and the original IEEE Standard, the original IEEE Standard is the referee
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document.''
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.sp 0.5
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.LP
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In the following statement, the phrase ``This material'' refers to portions
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of the system documentation.
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.LP
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``This material is reproduced with permission from American National
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Standards Committee X3, on Information Processing Systems. Computer and
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Business Equipment Manufacturers Association (CBEMA), 311 First St., NW,
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Suite 500, Washington, DC 20001-2178. The developmental work of
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Programming Language C was completed by the X3J11 Technical Committee.''
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.sp 1
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.LP
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Manual pages ptrace.2, ecvt.3, mp.3, plot.3, L-devices.5, L-dialcodes.5,
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L.aliases.5, L.cmds.5, L.sys.5, USERFILE.5, dump.5, and plot.5
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are copyright 1979, AT&T Bell Laboratories, Incorporated.
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Holders of \x'-1p'UNIX\v'-4p'\s-3TM\s0\v'4p'/32V,
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System III, or System V software licenses are
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permitted to copy these documents, or any portion of them,
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as necessary for licensed use of the software,
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provided this copyright notice and statement of permission
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are included.
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.sp 1
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.LP
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The views and conclusions contained in this manual are those of the
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authors and should not be interpreted as representing official policies,
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either expressed or implied, of the Regents of the University of California.
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.sp 1
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.LP
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The 4.4BSD Daemon used on the cover is
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copyright 1994 by Marshall Kirk McKusick
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and is reproduced with permission.
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.br
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This book was printed and bound in the United States of America.
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.br
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Distributed by O'Reilly & Associates, Inc.
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.sp 1
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.IP "[recycle logo]" 16
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This book is printed on acid-free paper with 50% recycled content,
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10-13% post-consumer waste. O'Reilly & Associates is committed to
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using paper with the highest recycled content available consistent
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with high quality.
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.LP
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.sp 1
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ISBN: 1-56592-078-3
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.bp
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\&
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.sp |1.5i
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.nr PS 24
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.nr VS 26
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.LP
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.ce 1
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\fBContents\fP
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.sp 1
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.nr PS 14
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.nr VS 17
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.LP
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.TS
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expand;
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l r.
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Introduction vii
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List of Manual Pages ix
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Permuted Index xxix
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Reference Manual Sections 2, 3, 4, 5 tabbed pages
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List of Documents inside back cover
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.TE
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.if o .bp
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\&
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.EH ''''
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.OH ''''
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.bp
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.OH '\s10Introduction''- % -\s0'
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.EH '\s10- % -''Introduction\s0'
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.de IR
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\fI\\$1\^\fR\\$2
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..
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.de RI
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\fR\\$1\fI\\$2\^\fR\\$3
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..
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.ce
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\fB\s24Introduction\s0\fP
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.sp 2
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.nr PS 10
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.nr VS 12
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.LP
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The documentation for 4.4BSD is in a format similar
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to the one used for the 4.2BSD and 4.3BSD manuals.
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It is divided into three sets; each set consists of one or more volumes.
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The abbreviations for the volume names are listed in square brackets;
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the abbreviations for the manual sections are listed in parenthesis.
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.DS
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I. User's Documents
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User's Reference Manual [URM]
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Commands (1)
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Games (6)
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Macro packages and language conventions (7)
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User's Supplementary Documents [USD]
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Getting Started
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Basic Utilities
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Communicating with the World
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Text Editing
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Document Preparation
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Amusements
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II. Programmer's Documents
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Programmer's Reference Manual [PRM]
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System calls (2)
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Subroutines (3)
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Special files (4)
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File formats and conventions (5)
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Programmer's Supplementary Documents [PSD]
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Documents of Historic Interest
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Languages in common use
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Programming Tools
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Programming Libraries
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General Reference
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III. System Manager's Manual [SMM]
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Maintenance commands (8)
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System Installation and Administration
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.DE
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.LP
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References to individual documents are given as ``volume:document'',
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thus USD:1 refers to the first document in the ``User's Supplementary
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Documents''.
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References to manual pages are given as ``\fIname\fP(section)'' thus
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.IR sh (1)
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refers to the shell manual entry in section 1.
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.LP
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The manual pages give descriptions of the features of the
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4.4BSD system, as developed at the University of California at Berkeley.
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They do not attempt to provide perspective or tutorial information about the
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4.4BSD operating system, its facilities, or its implementation.
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Various documents on those topics are contained in the
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``\s-1UNIX\s+1 User's Supplementary Documents'' (USD), the
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``\s-1UNIX\s+1 Programmer's Supplementary Documents'' (PSD),
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and ``\s-1UNIX\s+1 System Manager's Manual'' (SMM).
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In particular, for an overview see ``The \s-1UNIX\s+1 Time-Sharing System'' (PSD:1)
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by Ritchie and Thompson; for a tutorial see
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``\s8\s-1UNIX\s+1\s10 for Beginners'' (USD:1) by Kernighan,
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and for an guide to the new features of this latest version, see
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``Berkeley Software Architecture Manual (4.4 Edition)'' (PSD:5).
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.LP
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Within the area it surveys, this volume attempts to be timely, complete
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and concise. Where the latter two objectives conflict,
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the obvious is often left unsaid in favor of brevity.
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It is intended that each program be described as it is, not as it should be.
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Inevitably, this means that various sections will soon be out of date.
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.LP
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Commands are programs intended to be invoked directly by
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the user, in contrast to subroutines, that are
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intended to be called by the user's programs.
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User commands are described in URM section 1.
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Commands generally reside in directory
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.I /bin
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(for
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.IR bin \|ary
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programs).
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Some programs also reside in
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.I
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/\|usr/\|bin,
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.R
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to save space in
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.I /\|bin.
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.R
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These directories are searched automatically by the command interpreters.
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Additional directories that may be of interest include
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.I
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/\|usr/\|contrib/\|bin,
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.R
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which has contributed software
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.I
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/\|usr/\|old/\|bin,
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.R
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which has old but sometimes still useful software and
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.I
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/\|usr/\|local/\|bin,
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.R
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which contains software local to your site.
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.LP
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Games have been relegated to URM section 6 and
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.I
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/\|usr/\|games,
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.R
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to keep them from contaminating
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the more staid information of URM section 1.
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.LP
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Miscellaneous collection of information necessary for
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writing in various specialized languages such as character codes,
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macro packages for typesetting, etc is contained in URM section 7.
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.LP
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System calls are entries into the BSD kernel.
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The system call interface is identical to a C language
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procedure call; the equivalent C procedures are described in PRM section 2.
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.LP
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An assortment of subroutines is available;
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they are described in PRM section 3.
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The primary libraries in which they are kept are described in
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.IR intro (3).
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The functions are described in terms of C.
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.LP
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PRM section 4 discusses the characteristics of
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each system ``file'' that refers to an I/O device.
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The names in this section refer to the HP300 device names for the hardware,
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instead of the names of the special files themselves.
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.LP
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The file formats and conventions (PRM section 5)
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documents the structure of particular kinds of files;
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for example, the form of the output of the loader and
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assembler is given. Excluded are files used by only one command,
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for example the assembler's intermediate files.
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.LP
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Commands and procedures intended for use primarily by the
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system administrator are described in SMM section 8.
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The files described here are almost all kept in the directory
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.I /\|etc.
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The system administration binaries reside in
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.I
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/\|sbin,
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.R
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and
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.I
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/\|usr/\|sbin.
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.LP
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Each section consists of independent entries of a page or so each.
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The name of the entry is in the upper corners of its pages,
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together with the section number.
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Entries within each section are alphabetized.
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The page numbers of each entry start at 1;
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it is infeasible to number consecutively the pages of
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a document like this that is republished in many variant forms.
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.LP
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All entries are based on a common format;
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not all subsections always appear.
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.RS
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.LP
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The
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.I name
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subsection lists the exact names of the commands and subroutines
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covered under the entry and gives a short description of their purpose.
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.LP
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The
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.IR synopsis ""
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summarizes the use of the program being described.
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A few conventions are used, particularly in the Commands subsection:
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.LP
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.RS
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.B Boldface
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words are considered literals, and are typed just as they appear.
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.LP
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Square brackets [ ] around an argument show that the argument is optional.
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When an argument is given as ``name'', it always refers to a file name.
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.LP
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Ellipses ``.\|.\|.'' are used to show that the previous argument-prototype
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may be repeated.
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.LP
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A final convention is used by the commands themselves.
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An argument beginning with a minus sign ``\-'' usually means that it is an
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option-specifying argument, even if it appears in a position where
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a file name could appear. Therefore, it is unwise to have files whose
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names begin with ``\-''.
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.LP
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.RE
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The
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.IR description ""
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subsection discusses in detail the subject at hand.
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.LP
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The
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.IR files ""
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subsection gives the names of files that are built into the program.
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.LP
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A
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.I
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see also
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.R
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subsection gives pointers to related information.
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.LP
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A
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.I diagnostics
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subsection discusses the diagnostic indications that may be produced.
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Messages that are intended to be self-explanatory are not listed.
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.LP
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The
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.IR bugs ""
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subsection gives known bugs and sometimes deficiencies.
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Occasionally the suggested fix is also described.
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.LP
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.RE
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At the beginning of URM, PRM, and SSM is a List of Manual Pages,
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organized by section and alphabetically within each section, and a
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Permuted Index derived from that List.
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Within each index entry, the title of the writeup to which
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it refers is followed by the appropriate section number in parentheses.
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This fact is important because there is considerable
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name duplication among the sections, arising principally from commands that
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exist only to exercise a particular system call.
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Finally, there is a list of documents on the inside back cover of each volume.
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.if o .bp
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\&
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.EH ''''
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.OH ''''
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.bp
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.OH '\s10Manual Pages''- % -\s0'
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.EH '\s10- % -''Manual Pages\s0'
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.EF '\s10\\\\*(Dt''\\\\*(Ed\s0'
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.OF '\s10\\\\*(Ed''\\\\*(Dt\s0'
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.nr PS 10
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.nr VS 12
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.LP
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.ce
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\s24\fBList \|of \|Manual \|Pages\fP\s0
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.nr x 0.5
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.in +\nxi
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.nf
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.ta \n(.lu-\nxuR
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.de xx
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\\$1\f3 \a \fP\\$2
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..
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.de t
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.sp 1v
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.ne .5i
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.cs 3
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.ti -\\nxi
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.ss 18
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\fB\\$2. \\$3\fP
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.ss 12
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.if t .sp .5v
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.cs 3 36
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.ds Ed Section \\$2
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.ds Dt \\$3
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.so \\$1
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..
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.t toc1 1 "Commands and Application Programs"
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.t toc2 2 "System Calls"
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.t toc3 3 "C Library Subroutines"
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.t toc4 4 "Special Files"
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.t toc5 5 "File Formats"
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.t toc6 6 "Games"
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.t toc7 7 "Miscellaneous"
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.t toc8 8 "System Maintenance"
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.in -\nxi
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.cs 3
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.ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i
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.if o .bp
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\&
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.EH ''''
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.OH ''''
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.bp
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\&
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.OH '\s10Permuted Index''- % -\s0'
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.EH '\s10- % -''Permuted Index\s0'
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|
.ds Ed 4.4BSD
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.ds Dt April \|1994
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.ce
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\s24\fBPermuted \|Index\fP\s0
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.sp 2
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.nr PS 8
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.nr VS 9
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.LP
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.\" backup from slotput 1, slot, 2
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.tr ~
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.nf
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.cs 3 36
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.de xx
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.ds s1\"
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.if \w\\$2 .ds s1 ~~\"
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.ds s2 ~~~\"
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.ds s3\"
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.if \w\\$4 .ds s3 ~~\"
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.ds s4 ~~\"
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.ds s5 ~~\"
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.ds y \\*(s4\f3\fP\\*(s5
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.ta 6i-\w\\*(s5u
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\h"3i-\w\\$1\\*(s1\\$2\\*(s2u"\\$1\\*(s1\\$2\\*(s2\\$3\\*(s3\\$4\\*y\\$5
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..
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.so ptxx
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.cs 3
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.ta .5i 1i 1.5i 2i 2.5i 3i 3.5i 4i 4.5i 5i 5.5i 6i 6.5i
|
